REF:https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2635
According to EDK2 Driver Writer's Guide For UEFI 2.3.1, 4.2.18 Offer
alternatives to function keys. Configuration of drivers should be
accomplished via HII and via OS-present interfaces.
Cc: Jiaxin Wu <jiaxin.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Siyuan Fu <siyuan.fu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Maciej Rabeda <maciej.rabeda@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Siyuan Fu <siyuan.fu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Maciej Rabeda <maciej.rabeda@linux.intel.com>
REF:https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2273
Ip6ConfigReadConfigData() reads configuration data from a UEFI variable
and copies the data to another buffer. This change checks that the
length
of the data record being copied does not exceed the size of the source
UEFI variable data buffer.
If the size is exceeded, this change follows existing logic to treat the
variable as corrupted and deletes the variable so it will be set again.
Cc: Siyuan Fu <siyuan.fu@intel.com>
Cc: Maciej Rabeda <maciej.rabeda@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Jiaxin Wu <jiaxin.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Kubacki <michael.kubacki@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Siyuan Fu <siyuan.fu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Maciej Rabeda <maciej.rabeda@linux.intel.com>
REF:https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1563
SnpDxe initializes values for MemoryBarIndex and IoBarIndex to 0 and 1
respectively even if calls to PciIo->GetBarAttributes never return
success.
Later, if the BAR is used to perform IO/Mem reads/writes, a potentially
non-existent BAR index may be accessed. This change initializes the
values
to an invalid BAR index (PCI_MAX_BAR) so the condition can be explicitly
checked to avoid an invalid BAR access.
Cc: Siyuan Fu <siyuan.fu@intel.com>
Cc: Maciej Rabeda <maciej.rabeda@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Jiaxin Wu <jiaxin.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Kubacki <michael.kubacki@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Siyuan Fu <siyuan.fu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Maciej Rabeda <maciej.rabeda@linux.intel.com>
REF:https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1562
The current SnpDxe implementation registers its ExitBootServices event
notification function (SnpNotifyExitBootServices ()) at TPL_NOTIFY. This
function calls PxeShutdown() which issues an UNDI shutdown operation.
Ultimately, this may invoke Shutdown() in EFI_SIMPLE_NETWORK_PROTOCOL.
The UEFI specification 2.8A Table 27 "TPL Restrictions" restricts the
TPL
for Simple Network Protocol to <= TPL_CALLBACK. In addition, it has been
observed in some 3rd party UNDI drivers to cause an issue further down
the call stack if the TPL is higher than TPL_CALLBACK on invocation.
Therefore, this commit changes the TPL of SnpNotifyExitBootServices() to
TPL_CALLBACK.
Cc: Siyuan Fu <siyuan.fu@intel.com>
Cc: Maciej Rabeda <maciej.rabeda@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Jiaxin Wu <jiaxin.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Kubacki <michael.kubacki@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Maciej Rabeda <maciej.rabeda@linux.intel.com>
The ACPI specification, version 6.3, January 2019,
defines the Named Objects Encoding for FieldElements
in section '20.2.5.2 Named Objects Encoding'.
FieldElements can be one of the following:
NamedField | ReservedField | AccessField |
ExtendedAccessField | ConnectField
Some of these keywords are starting with an opcode,
allowing to identify their type.
E.g.: ReservedField := 0x00 PkgLength
This patch adds these FieldElement opcodes definitions to
the list of AML Opcode definitions.
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Sami Mujawar <sami.mujawar@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhiguang Liu <zhiguang.liu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Pierre Gondois <pierre.gondois@arm.com>
NonDiscoverablePciDeviceDxe currently #defines the module-internal
PCI_MAX_BARS macro, with value 6 (and type "int").
Remove this private macro definition, and adopt PCI_MAX_BAR from
"MdePkg/Include/IndustryStandard/Pci22.h". Both the value and the type
remain unchanged (the standard PCI_MAX_BAR macro expands to 0x0006).
"NonDiscoverablePciDeviceIo.h" gets the definition of PCI_MAX_BAR via its
existent #include <IndustryStandard/Pci.h> directive.
Build-tested only.
Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@arm.com>
Cc: Hao A Wu <hao.a.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <philmd@redhat.com>
Cc: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
Message-Id: <20200409113017.18233-1-lersek@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <philmd@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Use submodule way to access brotli in BaseTools based on
brotli version 666c3280cc11dc433c303d79a83d4ffbdd12cc8d.
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2558
Cc: Bob Feng <bob.c.feng@intel.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Shenglei Zhang <shenglei.zhang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Use submodule way to access brotli in MdeModulePkg based on
brotli version 666c3280cc11dc433c303d79a83d4ffbdd12cc8d.
The newly added BrotliDecUefiSupport.h/.c are used by directory
'brotli'.
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2559
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Cc: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Hao A Wu <hao.a.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Shenglei Zhang <shenglei.zhang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
The FUA (Force Unit Access) bit forces data to be written directly to
disk instead of the write cache. This prevents data from being lost if a
shutdown or reset is requested immediately after a SCSI write operation.
Cc: Michael D Kinney <michael.d.kinney@intel.com>
Cc: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Cc: Zhiguang Liu <zhiguang.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhiguang Liu <zhiguang.liu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Christopher J Zurcher <christopher.j.zurcher@intel.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1548
For clang compiler, This change will make the generated image not include the
absolute file path. If so, the generated debug image can be reproduced in the
different root directory. Also, it will reduce the size of debug image size.
To do so, use __FILE_NAME__ macro to replace __FILE__. __FILE_NAME__ is
Clang-specific extension that functions similar to __FILE__ but only renders
the last path component (the filename) instead of an invocation dependent full
path to that file, and __FILE_NAME__ is introduced since clang 9.
Cc: Michael D Kinney <michael.d.kinney@intel.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhiguang Liu <zhiguang.liu@intel.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2659
Allow WindowsVsToolChain Plugin to add libraries and headers
of user defined ARCH for VS2017 and VS2019.
Cc: Bob Feng <bob.c.feng@intel.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Shenglei Zhang <shenglei.zhang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Bret Barkelew <bret.barkelew@microsoft.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2617
Update edk2 build and test ci to use Python 3.8.x
Cc: Sean Brogan <sean.brogan@microsoft.com>
Cc: Bret Barkelew <Bret.Barkelew@microsoft.com>
Cc: Michael D Kinney <michael.d.kinney@intel.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Shenglei Zhang <shenglei.zhang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Bret Barkelew <bret.barkelew@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Michael Kubacki <michael.kubacki@microsoft.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2616
Pytool extensions are locked on 0.12.x but extensions has
moved to 0.13.x. So update the pip-requirements.txt.
Cc: Sean Brogan <sean.brogan@microsoft.com>
Cc: Bret Barkelew <Bret.Barkelew@microsoft.com>
Cc: Michael D Kinney <michael.d.kinney@intel.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Shenglei Zhang <shenglei.zhang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Bret Barkelew <bret.barkelew@microsoft.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2388
After remove Used parameter, below code in ResetTokens can also be
removed:
1. The RunningApCount parameter will be reset in GetFreeToken.
2. The ReleaseSpinLock should be called in ReleaseToken function,
Code in this function seems like a later fix if ReleaseToken not
Release it. We should remove code here and fix the real issue if
existed.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dong <eric.dong@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Cc: Star Zeng <star.zeng@intel.com>
Cc: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2388
After patch "UefiCpuPkg/PiSmmCpuDxeSmm: Improve the
performance of GetFreeToken()" which adds new parameter
FirstFreeToken, it's not need to use Uses parameter.
This patch used to remove this parameter.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dong <eric.dong@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Cc: Star Zeng <star.zeng@intel.com>
Cc: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
Today's GetFreeToken() runs at the algorithm complexity of O(n)
where n is the size of the token list.
The change introduces a new global variable FirstFreeToken and it
always points to the first free token. So the algorithm complexity
of GetFreeToken() decreases from O(n) to O(1).
The improvement matters when some SMI code uses StartupThisAP()
service for each of the AP such that the algorithm complexity
becomes O(n) * O(m) where m is the AP count.
As next steps,
1. PROCEDURE_TOKEN.Used field can be optimized out because
all tokens before FirstFreeToken should have "Used" set while all
after FirstFreeToken should have "Used" cleared.
2. ResetTokens() can be optimized to only reset tokens before
FirstFreeToken.
v2: add missing line in InitializeDataForMmMp.
v3: update copyright year to 2020.
Signed-off-by: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Dong <eric.dong@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Star Zeng <star.zeng@intel.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2663
Add the public header file declaration.
Cc: Jordan Justen <jordan.l.justen@intel.com>
Cc: Andrew Fish <afish@apple.com>
Cc: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Guomin Jiang <guomin.jiang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2604
The link flags for VS2019 is absent and result the build fail.
Cc: Jordan Justen <jordan.l.justen@intel.com>
Cc: Andrew Fish <afish@apple.com>
Cc: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Guomin Jiang <guomin.jiang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Use submodule way to access oniguruma. And upgrade oniguruma
version from v6.9.3 to v6.9.4_mark1.
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2073
Cc: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Hao A Wu <hao.a.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Shenglei Zhang <shenglei.zhang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Enable support for NVMe storage in ArmVirtQemu/QemVirtQemuKernel in order
to simplify booting/installing operating systems that don't support
virtio.
Signed-off-by: Leif Lindholm <leif@nuviainc.com>
Reviewed-by: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2628
This patch reduces the size of IA32 binaries by ensuring that
no .debug_frame / .eh_frame sections are generated through forcing
SEH exception model, which is already the default in clang for X64.
EDK II does not support exceptions, and in future we should disable
them instead of switching to some other variant. Currently this
is not possible due to the following LLVM bugs:
https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=45324https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=45325
Upon applying this patch OvmfPkgIA32.dsc compilation in DEBUG mode
gets the following size decrease with clang 9.0.1.
Before: FV Space Information
SECFV [11%Full] 212992 total, 24512 used, 188480 free
PEIFV [22%Full] 917504 total, 203048 used, 714456 free
DXEFV [36%Full] 11534336 total, 4215672 used, 7318664 free
FVMAIN_COMPACT [37%Full] 3440640 total, 1287776 used, 2152864 free
After: FV Space Information
SECFV [10%Full] 212992 total, 22112 used, 190880 free
PEIFV [19%Full] 917504 total, 176392 used, 741112 free
DXEFV [31%Full] 11534336 total, 3657112 used, 7877224 free
FVMAIN_COMPACT [33%Full] 3440640 total, 1153896 used, 2286744 free
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Cc: Marvin H?user <mhaeuser@outlook.de>
Cc: Zhiguang Liu <zhiguang.liu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhiguang Liu <zhiguang.liu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Vitaly Cheptsov <vit9696@protonmail.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2552
According to CryptoPkg.dsc, the library class only have HashApiLib, so i
think the BaseHashApiLib should be considered as base name rather than
library class.
Cc: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Xiaoyu Lu <xiaoyux.lu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Guomin Jiang <guomin.jiang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shenglei Zhang <shenglei.zhang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Xiaoyu Lu <xiaoyux.lu@intel.com>
REF: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2552
DxeCryptLibConstructor have no comments for it, add comments for it.
Cc: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Xiaoyu Lu <xiaoyux.lu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Guomin Jiang <guomin.jiang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Shenglei Zhang <shenglei.zhang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Xiaoyu Lu <xiaoyux.lu@intel.com>
This reverts commit 6896efdec2.
REF:https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2062
GetVariable() now returns attributes when it fails with
EFI_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL. Therefore, commit 6896efdec2 is
reverted since it is no longer relevant.
Cc: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
Cc: Siyuan Fu <siyuan.fu@intel.com>
Cc: Maciej Rabeda <maciej.rabeda@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Jiaxin Wu <jiaxin.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Kubacki <michael.kubacki@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Bret Barkelew <bret.barkelew@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Siyuan Fu <siyuan.fu@intel.com>
REF:https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2062
This commit makes the behavior for PeiGetVariable() match the following
specification-defined behavior. It is now consistent with the DXE/SMM
variable driver implementation.
The UEFI specification v2.8 Errata A Section 8.2 "GetVariable()"
"Attributes" parameter description states:
"If not NULL, a pointer to the memory location to return the
attributes bitmask for the variable. See 'Related Definitions.'
If not NULL, then Attributes is set on output both when
EFI_SUCCESS and when EFI_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL is returned."
The attributes were previously only returned from the implementation
in Variable.c on EFI_SUCCESS. They are now returned on EFI_SUCCESS or
EFI_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL according to spec.
Cc: Bret Barkelew <Bret.Barkelew@microsoft.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Cc: Michael D Kinney <michael.d.kinney@intel.com>
Cc: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Hao A Wu <hao.a.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Kubacki <michael.kubacki@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Guomin Jiang <guomin.jiang@intel.com>
REF:https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2062
The UEFI specification v2.8 Errata A Section 8.2 "GetVariable()"
"Attributes" parameter description states:
"If not NULL, a pointer to the memory location to return the
attributes bitmask for the variable. See 'Related Definitions.'
If not NULL, then Attributes is set on output both when
EFI_SUCCESS and when EFI_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL is returned."
The attributes were previously only returned from the implementation
in Variable.c on EFI_SUCCESS. They are now returned on EFI_SUCCESS or
EFI_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL according to spec.
Cc: Bret Barkelew <Bret.Barkelew@microsoft.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Cc: Michael D Kinney <michael.d.kinney@intel.com>
Cc: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Hao A Wu <hao.a.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Kubacki <michael.kubacki@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Guomin Jiang <guomin.jiang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Update CI steps to build base tools after setup and update,
as basetools might have dependencies that need to be resolved.
Cc: Sean Brogan <sean.brogan@microsoft.com>
Cc: Bret Barkelew <Bret.Barkelew@microsoft.com>
Cc: Michael D Kinney <michael.d.kinney@intel.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Shenglei Zhang <shenglei.zhang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
The memory attributes table handling code shared some parts of the
properties table handling code when it was introduced. The latter has
been dropped, and so we can merge the remaining pieces into the former.
Link: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2633
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Bret Barkelew <bret.barkelew@microsoft.com>
Acked-by: Jiewen Yao <Jiewen.yao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Dandan Bi <dandan.bi@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
Remove the GUID definition that describes the deprecated properties table,
which is no longer generated by the DXE core.
Link: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2633
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Bret Barkelew <bret.barkelew@microsoft.com>
Acked-by: Jiewen Yao <Jiewen.yao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Dandan Bi <dandan.bi@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
This is the minimal change required to stop exposing the EFI properties
table, which is deprecated. Given how the implementation is entangled
with the code that exposes the related memory attributes table, most of
the code is retained, and further cleanups are relegated to subsequent
patches.
Link: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2633
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@arm.com>
Acked-by: Jiewen Yao <Jiewen.yao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Dandan Bi <dandan.bi@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
The UEFI properties table and the associated memory protection feature was
severely broken from the start, and has been deprecated for a while. Let's
drop all references to it from OVMF so we can safely remove it from the
DXE core as well.
Link: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2633
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Jiewen Yao <Jiewen.yao@intel.com>
Acked-by: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Jian J Wang <jian.j.wang@intel.com>
REF:https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2640
Azure Pipelines agents have 2 threads. This commit has been shown to
reduce the build time in half on those agents.
Cc: Bob C Feng <bob.c.feng@intel.com>
Cc: Liming Gao <liming.gao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Kubacki <michael.kubacki@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Bob C Feng <bob.c.feng@intel.com>
The local #define TT_ATTR_INDX_INVALID is used as a local error code
in the AArch64 implementation, but is misleadingly named to match the
definitions in ArmPkg/Include/Chipset/AArch64Mmu.h.
Rename it INVALID_ENTRY to reduce confusion and improve readability.
Signed-off-by: Leif Lindholm <leif@nuviainc.com>
Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@arm.com>
BZ:2562:
https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2562
Add RISC-V architecture for EDK2 CI testing.
Signed-off-by: Abner Chang <abner.chang@hpe.com>
Reviewed-by: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Cc: Ray Ni <ray.ni@intel.com>
Cc: Leif Lindholm <leif@nuviainc.com>
Cc: Gilbert Chen <gilbert.chen@hpe.com>
Cc: Daniel Schaefer <daniel.schaefer@hpe.com>
TT_ATTR_INDX_INVALID is #define'd but never used so drop it. Note
that this leaves a CPP macro of the same name in CpuDxe, but there,
it is actually being used, and although the name suggests that this
value is somehow defined by the architecture, this is really not the
case and it only has meaning within the scope of CpuDxe's implementation.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Leif Lindholm <leif@nuviainc.com>