compose/tests/unit/service_test.py

801 lines
29 KiB
Python

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import docker
from .. import mock
from .. import unittest
from compose.config.types import VolumeFromSpec
from compose.config.types import VolumeSpec
from compose.const import LABEL_CONFIG_HASH
from compose.const import LABEL_ONE_OFF
from compose.const import LABEL_PROJECT
from compose.const import LABEL_SERVICE
from compose.container import Container
from compose.service import build_ulimits
from compose.service import build_volume_binding
from compose.service import ContainerNet
from compose.service import get_container_data_volumes
from compose.service import merge_volume_bindings
from compose.service import NeedsBuildError
from compose.service import Net
from compose.service import NoSuchImageError
from compose.service import parse_repository_tag
from compose.service import Service
from compose.service import ServiceNet
from compose.service import warn_on_masked_volume
class ServiceTest(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.mock_client = mock.create_autospec(docker.Client)
def test_containers(self):
service = Service('db', self.mock_client, 'myproject', image='foo')
self.mock_client.containers.return_value = []
self.assertEqual(list(service.containers()), [])
def test_containers_with_containers(self):
self.mock_client.containers.return_value = [
dict(Name=str(i), Image='foo', Id=i) for i in range(3)
]
service = Service('db', self.mock_client, 'myproject', image='foo')
self.assertEqual([c.id for c in service.containers()], list(range(3)))
expected_labels = [
'{0}=myproject'.format(LABEL_PROJECT),
'{0}=db'.format(LABEL_SERVICE),
'{0}=False'.format(LABEL_ONE_OFF),
]
self.mock_client.containers.assert_called_once_with(
all=False,
filters={'label': expected_labels})
def test_container_without_name(self):
self.mock_client.containers.return_value = [
{'Image': 'foo', 'Id': '1', 'Name': '1'},
{'Image': 'foo', 'Id': '2', 'Name': None},
{'Image': 'foo', 'Id': '3'},
]
service = Service('db', self.mock_client, 'myproject', image='foo')
self.assertEqual([c.id for c in service.containers()], ['1'])
self.assertEqual(service._next_container_number(), 2)
self.assertEqual(service.get_container(1).id, '1')
def test_get_volumes_from_container(self):
container_id = 'aabbccddee'
service = Service(
'test',
image='foo',
volumes_from=[VolumeFromSpec(mock.Mock(id=container_id, spec=Container), 'rw')])
self.assertEqual(service._get_volumes_from(), [container_id + ':rw'])
def test_get_volumes_from_container_read_only(self):
container_id = 'aabbccddee'
service = Service(
'test',
image='foo',
volumes_from=[VolumeFromSpec(mock.Mock(id=container_id, spec=Container), 'ro')])
self.assertEqual(service._get_volumes_from(), [container_id + ':ro'])
def test_get_volumes_from_service_container_exists(self):
container_ids = ['aabbccddee', '12345']
from_service = mock.create_autospec(Service)
from_service.containers.return_value = [
mock.Mock(id=container_id, spec=Container)
for container_id in container_ids
]
service = Service('test', volumes_from=[VolumeFromSpec(from_service, 'rw')], image='foo')
self.assertEqual(service._get_volumes_from(), [container_ids[0] + ":rw"])
def test_get_volumes_from_service_container_exists_with_flags(self):
for mode in ['ro', 'rw', 'z', 'rw,z', 'z,rw']:
container_ids = ['aabbccddee:' + mode, '12345:' + mode]
from_service = mock.create_autospec(Service)
from_service.containers.return_value = [
mock.Mock(id=container_id.split(':')[0], spec=Container)
for container_id in container_ids
]
service = Service('test', volumes_from=[VolumeFromSpec(from_service, mode)], image='foo')
self.assertEqual(service._get_volumes_from(), [container_ids[0]])
def test_get_volumes_from_service_no_container(self):
container_id = 'abababab'
from_service = mock.create_autospec(Service)
from_service.containers.return_value = []
from_service.create_container.return_value = mock.Mock(
id=container_id,
spec=Container)
service = Service('test', image='foo', volumes_from=[VolumeFromSpec(from_service, 'rw')])
self.assertEqual(service._get_volumes_from(), [container_id + ':rw'])
from_service.create_container.assert_called_once_with()
def test_split_domainname_none(self):
service = Service('foo', image='foo', hostname='name', client=self.mock_client)
opts = service._get_container_create_options({'image': 'foo'}, 1)
self.assertEqual(opts['hostname'], 'name', 'hostname')
self.assertFalse('domainname' in opts, 'domainname')
def test_memory_swap_limit(self):
self.mock_client.create_host_config.return_value = {}
service = Service(name='foo', image='foo', hostname='name', client=self.mock_client, mem_limit=1000000000, memswap_limit=2000000000)
service._get_container_create_options({'some': 'overrides'}, 1)
self.assertTrue(self.mock_client.create_host_config.called)
self.assertEqual(
self.mock_client.create_host_config.call_args[1]['mem_limit'],
1000000000
)
self.assertEqual(
self.mock_client.create_host_config.call_args[1]['memswap_limit'],
2000000000
)
def test_cgroup_parent(self):
self.mock_client.create_host_config.return_value = {}
service = Service(name='foo', image='foo', hostname='name', client=self.mock_client, cgroup_parent='test')
service._get_container_create_options({'some': 'overrides'}, 1)
self.assertTrue(self.mock_client.create_host_config.called)
self.assertEqual(
self.mock_client.create_host_config.call_args[1]['cgroup_parent'],
'test'
)
def test_log_opt(self):
self.mock_client.create_host_config.return_value = {}
log_opt = {'syslog-address': 'tcp://192.168.0.42:123'}
service = Service(name='foo', image='foo', hostname='name', client=self.mock_client, log_driver='syslog', log_opt=log_opt)
service._get_container_create_options({'some': 'overrides'}, 1)
self.assertTrue(self.mock_client.create_host_config.called)
self.assertEqual(
self.mock_client.create_host_config.call_args[1]['log_config'],
{'Type': 'syslog', 'Config': {'syslog-address': 'tcp://192.168.0.42:123'}}
)
def test_split_domainname_fqdn(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
hostname='name.domain.tld',
image='foo',
client=self.mock_client)
opts = service._get_container_create_options({'image': 'foo'}, 1)
self.assertEqual(opts['hostname'], 'name', 'hostname')
self.assertEqual(opts['domainname'], 'domain.tld', 'domainname')
def test_split_domainname_both(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
hostname='name',
image='foo',
domainname='domain.tld',
client=self.mock_client)
opts = service._get_container_create_options({'image': 'foo'}, 1)
self.assertEqual(opts['hostname'], 'name', 'hostname')
self.assertEqual(opts['domainname'], 'domain.tld', 'domainname')
def test_split_domainname_weird(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
hostname='name.sub',
domainname='domain.tld',
image='foo',
client=self.mock_client)
opts = service._get_container_create_options({'image': 'foo'}, 1)
self.assertEqual(opts['hostname'], 'name.sub', 'hostname')
self.assertEqual(opts['domainname'], 'domain.tld', 'domainname')
def test_no_default_hostname_when_not_using_networking(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
use_networking=False,
client=self.mock_client,
)
opts = service._get_container_create_options({'image': 'foo'}, 1)
self.assertIsNone(opts.get('hostname'))
def test_get_container_create_options_with_name_option(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
client=self.mock_client,
container_name='foo1')
name = 'the_new_name'
opts = service._get_container_create_options(
{'name': name},
1,
one_off=True)
self.assertEqual(opts['name'], name)
def test_get_container_create_options_does_not_mutate_options(self):
labels = {'thing': 'real'}
environment = {'also': 'real'}
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
labels=dict(labels),
client=self.mock_client,
environment=dict(environment),
)
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {'Id': 'abcd'}
prev_container = mock.Mock(
id='ababab',
image_config={'ContainerConfig': {}})
prev_container.get.return_value = None
opts = service._get_container_create_options(
{},
1,
previous_container=prev_container)
self.assertEqual(service.options['labels'], labels)
self.assertEqual(service.options['environment'], environment)
self.assertEqual(
opts['labels'][LABEL_CONFIG_HASH],
'3c85881a8903b9d73a06c41860c8be08acce1494ab4cf8408375966dccd714de')
self.assertEqual(
opts['environment'],
{
'affinity:container': '=ababab',
'also': 'real',
}
)
def test_get_container_not_found(self):
self.mock_client.containers.return_value = []
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, image='foo')
self.assertRaises(ValueError, service.get_container)
@mock.patch('compose.service.Container', autospec=True)
def test_get_container(self, mock_container_class):
container_dict = dict(Name='default_foo_2')
self.mock_client.containers.return_value = [container_dict]
service = Service('foo', image='foo', client=self.mock_client)
container = service.get_container(number=2)
self.assertEqual(container, mock_container_class.from_ps.return_value)
mock_container_class.from_ps.assert_called_once_with(
self.mock_client, container_dict)
@mock.patch('compose.service.log', autospec=True)
def test_pull_image(self, mock_log):
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, image='someimage:sometag')
service.pull()
self.mock_client.pull.assert_called_once_with(
'someimage',
tag='sometag',
stream=True)
mock_log.info.assert_called_once_with('Pulling foo (someimage:sometag)...')
def test_pull_image_no_tag(self):
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, image='ababab')
service.pull()
self.mock_client.pull.assert_called_once_with(
'ababab',
tag='latest',
stream=True)
@mock.patch('compose.service.log', autospec=True)
def test_pull_image_digest(self, mock_log):
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, image='someimage@sha256:1234')
service.pull()
self.mock_client.pull.assert_called_once_with(
'someimage',
tag='sha256:1234',
stream=True)
mock_log.info.assert_called_once_with('Pulling foo (someimage@sha256:1234)...')
@mock.patch('compose.service.Container', autospec=True)
def test_recreate_container(self, _):
mock_container = mock.create_autospec(Container)
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, image='someimage')
service.image = lambda: {'Id': 'abc123'}
new_container = service.recreate_container(mock_container)
mock_container.stop.assert_called_once_with(timeout=10)
mock_container.rename_to_tmp_name.assert_called_once_with()
new_container.start.assert_called_once_with()
mock_container.remove.assert_called_once_with()
@mock.patch('compose.service.Container', autospec=True)
def test_recreate_container_with_timeout(self, _):
mock_container = mock.create_autospec(Container)
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {'Id': 'abc123'}
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, image='someimage')
service.recreate_container(mock_container, timeout=1)
mock_container.stop.assert_called_once_with(timeout=1)
def test_parse_repository_tag(self):
self.assertEqual(parse_repository_tag("root"), ("root", "", ":"))
self.assertEqual(parse_repository_tag("root:tag"), ("root", "tag", ":"))
self.assertEqual(parse_repository_tag("user/repo"), ("user/repo", "", ":"))
self.assertEqual(parse_repository_tag("user/repo:tag"), ("user/repo", "tag", ":"))
self.assertEqual(parse_repository_tag("url:5000/repo"), ("url:5000/repo", "", ":"))
self.assertEqual(parse_repository_tag("url:5000/repo:tag"), ("url:5000/repo", "tag", ":"))
self.assertEqual(parse_repository_tag("root@sha256:digest"), ("root", "sha256:digest", "@"))
self.assertEqual(parse_repository_tag("user/repo@sha256:digest"), ("user/repo", "sha256:digest", "@"))
self.assertEqual(parse_repository_tag("url:5000/repo@sha256:digest"), ("url:5000/repo", "sha256:digest", "@"))
def test_create_container_with_build(self):
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, build='.')
self.mock_client.inspect_image.side_effect = [
NoSuchImageError,
{'Id': 'abc123'},
]
self.mock_client.build.return_value = [
'{"stream": "Successfully built abcd"}',
]
service.create_container(do_build=True)
self.mock_client.build.assert_called_once_with(
tag='default_foo',
dockerfile=None,
stream=True,
path='.',
pull=False,
forcerm=False,
nocache=False,
rm=True,
)
def test_create_container_no_build(self):
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, build='.')
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {'Id': 'abc123'}
service.create_container(do_build=False)
self.assertFalse(self.mock_client.build.called)
def test_create_container_no_build_but_needs_build(self):
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, build='.')
self.mock_client.inspect_image.side_effect = NoSuchImageError
with self.assertRaises(NeedsBuildError):
service.create_container(do_build=False)
def test_build_does_not_pull(self):
self.mock_client.build.return_value = [
b'{"stream": "Successfully built 12345"}',
]
service = Service('foo', client=self.mock_client, build='.')
service.build()
self.assertEqual(self.mock_client.build.call_count, 1)
self.assertFalse(self.mock_client.build.call_args[1]['pull'])
def test_config_dict(self):
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {'Id': 'abcd'}
service = Service(
'foo',
image='example.com/foo',
client=self.mock_client,
net=ServiceNet(Service('other')),
links=[(Service('one'), 'one')],
volumes_from=[VolumeFromSpec(Service('two'), 'rw')])
config_dict = service.config_dict()
expected = {
'image_id': 'abcd',
'options': {'image': 'example.com/foo'},
'links': [('one', 'one')],
'net': 'other',
'volumes_from': [('two', 'rw')],
}
self.assertEqual(config_dict, expected)
def test_config_dict_with_net_from_container(self):
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {'Id': 'abcd'}
container = Container(
self.mock_client,
{'Id': 'aaabbb', 'Name': '/foo_1'})
service = Service(
'foo',
image='example.com/foo',
client=self.mock_client,
net=container)
config_dict = service.config_dict()
expected = {
'image_id': 'abcd',
'options': {'image': 'example.com/foo'},
'links': [],
'net': 'aaabbb',
'volumes_from': [],
}
self.assertEqual(config_dict, expected)
def test_specifies_host_port_with_no_ports(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo')
self.assertEqual(service.specifies_host_port(), False)
def test_specifies_host_port_with_container_port(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
ports=["2000"])
self.assertEqual(service.specifies_host_port(), False)
def test_specifies_host_port_with_host_port(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
ports=["1000:2000"])
self.assertEqual(service.specifies_host_port(), True)
def test_specifies_host_port_with_host_ip_no_port(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
ports=["127.0.0.1::2000"])
self.assertEqual(service.specifies_host_port(), False)
def test_specifies_host_port_with_host_ip_and_port(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
ports=["127.0.0.1:1000:2000"])
self.assertEqual(service.specifies_host_port(), True)
def test_specifies_host_port_with_container_port_range(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
ports=["2000-3000"])
self.assertEqual(service.specifies_host_port(), False)
def test_specifies_host_port_with_host_port_range(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
ports=["1000-2000:2000-3000"])
self.assertEqual(service.specifies_host_port(), True)
def test_specifies_host_port_with_host_ip_no_port_range(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
ports=["127.0.0.1::2000-3000"])
self.assertEqual(service.specifies_host_port(), False)
def test_specifies_host_port_with_host_ip_and_port_range(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
ports=["127.0.0.1:1000-2000:2000-3000"])
self.assertEqual(service.specifies_host_port(), True)
def test_get_links_with_networking(self):
service = Service(
'foo',
image='foo',
links=[(Service('one'), 'one')],
use_networking=True)
self.assertEqual(service._get_links(link_to_self=True), [])
def sort_by_name(dictionary_list):
return sorted(dictionary_list, key=lambda k: k['name'])
class BuildUlimitsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_build_ulimits_with_dict(self):
ulimits = build_ulimits(
{
'nofile': {'soft': 10000, 'hard': 20000},
'nproc': {'soft': 65535, 'hard': 65535}
}
)
expected = [
{'name': 'nofile', 'soft': 10000, 'hard': 20000},
{'name': 'nproc', 'soft': 65535, 'hard': 65535}
]
assert sort_by_name(ulimits) == sort_by_name(expected)
def test_build_ulimits_with_ints(self):
ulimits = build_ulimits({'nofile': 20000, 'nproc': 65535})
expected = [
{'name': 'nofile', 'soft': 20000, 'hard': 20000},
{'name': 'nproc', 'soft': 65535, 'hard': 65535}
]
assert sort_by_name(ulimits) == sort_by_name(expected)
def test_build_ulimits_with_integers_and_dicts(self):
ulimits = build_ulimits(
{
'nproc': 65535,
'nofile': {'soft': 10000, 'hard': 20000}
}
)
expected = [
{'name': 'nofile', 'soft': 10000, 'hard': 20000},
{'name': 'nproc', 'soft': 65535, 'hard': 65535}
]
assert sort_by_name(ulimits) == sort_by_name(expected)
class NetTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_net(self):
net = Net('host')
self.assertEqual(net.id, 'host')
self.assertEqual(net.mode, 'host')
self.assertEqual(net.service_name, None)
def test_net_container(self):
container_id = 'abcd'
net = ContainerNet(Container(None, {'Id': container_id}))
self.assertEqual(net.id, container_id)
self.assertEqual(net.mode, 'container:' + container_id)
self.assertEqual(net.service_name, None)
def test_net_service(self):
container_id = 'bbbb'
service_name = 'web'
mock_client = mock.create_autospec(docker.Client)
mock_client.containers.return_value = [
{'Id': container_id, 'Name': container_id, 'Image': 'abcd'},
]
service = Service(name=service_name, client=mock_client)
net = ServiceNet(service)
self.assertEqual(net.id, service_name)
self.assertEqual(net.mode, 'container:' + container_id)
self.assertEqual(net.service_name, service_name)
def test_net_service_no_containers(self):
service_name = 'web'
mock_client = mock.create_autospec(docker.Client)
mock_client.containers.return_value = []
service = Service(name=service_name, client=mock_client)
net = ServiceNet(service)
self.assertEqual(net.id, service_name)
self.assertEqual(net.mode, None)
self.assertEqual(net.service_name, service_name)
def build_mount(destination, source, mode='rw'):
return {'Source': source, 'Destination': destination, 'Mode': mode}
class ServiceVolumesTest(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.mock_client = mock.create_autospec(docker.Client)
def test_build_volume_binding(self):
binding = build_volume_binding(VolumeSpec.parse('/outside:/inside'))
assert binding == ('/inside', '/outside:/inside:rw')
def test_get_container_data_volumes(self):
options = [VolumeSpec.parse(v) for v in [
'/host/volume:/host/volume:ro',
'/new/volume',
'/existing/volume',
]]
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {
'ContainerConfig': {
'Volumes': {
'/mnt/image/data': {},
}
}
}
container = Container(self.mock_client, {
'Image': 'ababab',
'Mounts': [
{
'Source': '/host/volume',
'Destination': '/host/volume',
'Mode': '',
'RW': True,
'Name': 'hostvolume',
}, {
'Source': '/var/lib/docker/aaaaaaaa',
'Destination': '/existing/volume',
'Mode': '',
'RW': True,
'Name': 'existingvolume',
}, {
'Source': '/var/lib/docker/bbbbbbbb',
'Destination': '/removed/volume',
'Mode': '',
'RW': True,
'Name': 'removedvolume',
}, {
'Source': '/var/lib/docker/cccccccc',
'Destination': '/mnt/image/data',
'Mode': '',
'RW': True,
'Name': 'imagedata',
},
]
}, has_been_inspected=True)
expected = [
VolumeSpec.parse('/var/lib/docker/aaaaaaaa:/existing/volume:rw'),
VolumeSpec.parse('/var/lib/docker/cccccccc:/mnt/image/data:rw'),
]
volumes = get_container_data_volumes(container, options)
assert sorted(volumes) == sorted(expected)
def test_merge_volume_bindings(self):
options = [
VolumeSpec.parse('/host/volume:/host/volume:ro'),
VolumeSpec.parse('/host/rw/volume:/host/rw/volume'),
VolumeSpec.parse('/new/volume'),
VolumeSpec.parse('/existing/volume'),
]
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {
'ContainerConfig': {'Volumes': {}}
}
intermediate_container = Container(self.mock_client, {
'Image': 'ababab',
'Mounts': [{
'Source': '/var/lib/docker/aaaaaaaa',
'Destination': '/existing/volume',
'Mode': '',
'RW': True,
'Name': 'existingvolume',
}],
}, has_been_inspected=True)
expected = [
'/host/volume:/host/volume:ro',
'/host/rw/volume:/host/rw/volume:rw',
'/var/lib/docker/aaaaaaaa:/existing/volume:rw',
]
binds = merge_volume_bindings(options, intermediate_container)
self.assertEqual(set(binds), set(expected))
def test_mount_same_host_path_to_two_volumes(self):
service = Service(
'web',
image='busybox',
volumes=[
VolumeSpec.parse('/host/path:/data1'),
VolumeSpec.parse('/host/path:/data2'),
],
client=self.mock_client,
)
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {
'Id': 'ababab',
'ContainerConfig': {
'Volumes': {}
}
}
service._get_container_create_options(
override_options={},
number=1,
)
self.assertEqual(
set(self.mock_client.create_host_config.call_args[1]['binds']),
set([
'/host/path:/data1:rw',
'/host/path:/data2:rw',
]),
)
def test_different_host_path_in_container_json(self):
service = Service(
'web',
image='busybox',
volumes=[VolumeSpec.parse('/host/path:/data')],
client=self.mock_client,
)
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {
'Id': 'ababab',
'ContainerConfig': {
'Volumes': {
'/data': {},
}
}
}
self.mock_client.inspect_container.return_value = {
'Id': '123123123',
'Image': 'ababab',
'Mounts': [
{
'Destination': '/data',
'Source': '/mnt/sda1/host/path',
'Mode': '',
'RW': True,
'Driver': 'local',
'Name': 'abcdefff1234'
},
]
}
service._get_container_create_options(
override_options={},
number=1,
previous_container=Container(self.mock_client, {'Id': '123123123'}),
)
self.assertEqual(
self.mock_client.create_host_config.call_args[1]['binds'],
['/mnt/sda1/host/path:/data:rw'],
)
def test_warn_on_masked_volume_no_warning_when_no_container_volumes(self):
volumes_option = [VolumeSpec('/home/user', '/path', 'rw')]
container_volumes = []
service = 'service_name'
with mock.patch('compose.service.log', autospec=True) as mock_log:
warn_on_masked_volume(volumes_option, container_volumes, service)
assert not mock_log.warn.called
def test_warn_on_masked_volume_when_masked(self):
volumes_option = [VolumeSpec('/home/user', '/path', 'rw')]
container_volumes = [
VolumeSpec('/var/lib/docker/path', '/path', 'rw'),
VolumeSpec('/var/lib/docker/path', '/other', 'rw'),
]
service = 'service_name'
with mock.patch('compose.service.log', autospec=True) as mock_log:
warn_on_masked_volume(volumes_option, container_volumes, service)
mock_log.warn.assert_called_once_with(mock.ANY)
def test_warn_on_masked_no_warning_with_same_path(self):
volumes_option = [VolumeSpec('/home/user', '/path', 'rw')]
container_volumes = [VolumeSpec('/home/user', '/path', 'rw')]
service = 'service_name'
with mock.patch('compose.service.log', autospec=True) as mock_log:
warn_on_masked_volume(volumes_option, container_volumes, service)
assert not mock_log.warn.called
def test_create_with_special_volume_mode(self):
self.mock_client.inspect_image.return_value = {'Id': 'imageid'}
self.mock_client.create_container.return_value = {'Id': 'containerid'}
volume = '/tmp:/foo:z'
Service(
'web',
client=self.mock_client,
image='busybox',
volumes=[VolumeSpec.parse(volume)],
).create_container()
assert self.mock_client.create_container.call_count == 1
self.assertEqual(
self.mock_client.create_host_config.call_args[1]['binds'],
[volume])