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Add technical concepts for the config compiler and daemon CLI command
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Michael Friedrich
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# Technical Concepts <a id="technical-concepts"></a>
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This chapter provides insights into specific Icinga 2
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components, libraries, features and any other technical concept
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and design.
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This chapter provides technical concepts and design insights
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into specific Icinga 2 components such as:
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* [Application](19-technical-concepts.md#technical-concepts-application)
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* [Configuration](19-technical-concepts.md#technical-concepts-configuration)
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* [Features](19-technical-concepts.md#technical-concepts-features)
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* [Cluster](19-technical-concepts.md#technical-concepts-cluster)
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* [TLS Network IO](19-technical-concepts.md#technical-concepts-tls-network-io)
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<!--
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## Application <a id="technical-concepts-application"></a>
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### Libraries <a id="technical-concepts-application-libraries"></a>
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### CLI Commands <a id="technical-concepts-application-cli-commands"></a>
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The Icinga 2 application is managed with different CLI sub commands.
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`daemon` takes care about loading the configuration files, running the
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application as daemon, etc.
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Other sub commands allow to enable features, generate and request
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TLS certificates or enter the debug console.
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The main entry point for each CLI command parses the command line
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parameters and then triggers the required actions.
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### daemon CLI command <a id="technical-concepts-application-cli-commands-daemon"></a>
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This CLI command loads the configuration files, starting with `icinga2.conf`.
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The [configuration compiler](19-technical-concepts.md#technical-concepts-configuration) parses the
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file and detects additional file includes, constants, and any other DSL
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specific declaration.
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At this stage, the configuration will already be checked against the
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defined grammar in the scanner, and custom object validators will also be
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checked.
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If the user provided `-C/--validate`, the CLI command returns with the
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validation exit code.
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When running as daemon, additional parameters are checked, e.g. whether
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this application was triggered by a reload, needs to daemonize with fork()
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involved and update the object's authority. The latter is important for
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HA-enabled cluster zones.
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## Configuration <a id="technical-concepts-configuration"></a>
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### Lexer <a id="technical-concepts-configuration-lexer"></a>
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The lexer stage does not understand the DSL itself, it only
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maps specific character sequences into identifiers.
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This allows Icinga to detect the beginning of a string with `"`,
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reading the following characters and determining the end of the
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string with again `"`.
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Other parts covered by the lexer a escape sequences insides a string,
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e.g. `"\"abc"`.
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The lexer also identifiers logical operators, e.g. `&` or `in`,
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specific keywords like `object`, `import`, etc. and comment blocks.
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Please check `lib/config/config_lexer.ll` for details.
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Icinga uses [Flex](https://github.com/westes/flex) in the first stage.
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> Flex (The Fast Lexical Analyzer)
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>
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> Flex is a fast lexical analyser generator. It is a tool for generating programs
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> that perform pattern-matching on text. Flex is a free (but non-GNU) implementation
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> of the original Unix lex program.
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### Parser <a id="technical-concepts-configuration-parser"></a>
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The parser stage puts the identifiers from the lexer into more
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context with flow control and sequences.
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The following comparison is parsed into a left term, an operator
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and a right term.
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```
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x > 5
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```
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The DSL contains many elements which require a specific order,
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and sometimes only a left term for example.
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The parser also takes care of parsing an object declaration for
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example. It already knows from the lexer that `object` marks the
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beginning of an object. It then expects a type string afterwards,
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and the object name - which can be either a string with double quotes
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or a previously defined constant.
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An opening bracket `{` in this specific context starts the object
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scope, which also is stored for later scope specific variable access.
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If there's an apply rule defined, this follows the same principle.
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The config parser detects the scope of an apply rule and generates
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Icinga 2 C++ code for the parsed string tokens.
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```
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assign where host.vars.sla == "24x7"
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```
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is parsed into an assign token identifier, and the string expression
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is compiled into a new `ApplyExpression` object.
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The flow control inside the parser ensures that for example `ignore where`
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can only be defined when a previous `assign where` was given - or when
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inside an apply for rule.
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Another example are specific object types which allow assign expression,
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specifically group objects. Others objects must throw a configuration error.
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Please check `lib/config/config_parser.yy` for more details,
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and the [language reference](17-language-reference.md#language-reference) chapter for
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documented DSL keywords and sequences.
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> Icinga uses [Bison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_bison) as parser generator
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> which reads a specification of a context-free language, warns about any parsing
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> ambiguities, and generates a parser in C++ which reads sequences of tokens and
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> decides whether the sequence conforms to the syntax specified by the grammar.
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### Compiler <a id="technical-concepts-configuration-compiler"></a>
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-->
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The config compiler initializes the scanner inside the [lexer](19-technical-concepts.md#technical-concepts-configuration-lexer)
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stage.
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The configuration files are parsed into memory from inside the [daemon CLI command](19-technical-concepts.md#technical-concepts-application-cli-commands-daemon)
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which invokes the config validation in `ValidateConfigFiles()`. This compiles the
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files into an AST expression which is executed.
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At this stage, the expressions generate so-called "config items" which
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are a pre-stage of the later compiled object.
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`ConfigItem::CommitItems` takes care of committing the items, and doing a
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rollback on failure. It also checks against matching apply rules from the previous run
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and generates statistics about the objects which can be seen by the config validation.
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`ConfigItem::CommitNewItems` collects the registered types and items,
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and checks for a specific required order, e.g. a service object needs
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a host object first.
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The following stages happen then:
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- **Commit**: A workqueue then commits the items in a parallel fashion for this specific type. The object gets its name, and the AST expression is executed. It is then registered into the item into `m_Object` as reference.
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- **OnAllConfigLoaded**: Special signal for each object to pre-load required object attributes, resolve group membership, initialize functions and timers.
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- **CreateChildObjects**: Run apply rules for this specific type.
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- **CommitNewItems**: Apply rules may generate new config items, this is to ensure that they again run through the stages.
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Note that the items are now committed and the configuration is validated and loaded
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into memory. The final config objects are not yet activated though.
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This only happens after the validation, when the application is about to be run
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with `ConfigItem::ActivateItems`.
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Each item has an object created in `m_Object` which is checked in a loop.
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Again, the dependency order of activated objects is important here, e.g. logger features come first, then
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config objects and last the checker, api, etc. features. This is done by sorting the objects
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based on their type specific activation priority.
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The following signals are triggered in the stages:
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- **PreActivate**: Setting the `active` flag for the config object.
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- **Activate**: Calls `Start()` on the object, sets the local HA authority and notifies subscribers that this object is now activated (e.g. for config updates in the DB backend).
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## Features <a id="technical-concepts-features"></a>
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