## <a id="hosts-services"></a> Hosts and Services

Icinga 2 can be used to monitor the availability of hosts and services. Services
can be virtually anything which can be checked in some way:

* Network services (HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, SSH, etc.)
* Printers
* Switches / Routers
* Temperature Sensors
* Other local or network-accessible services

Host objects provide a mechanism to group services that are running
on the same physical device.

Here is an example of a host object which defines two child services:

    object Host "my-server1" {
      macros.address = "10.0.0.1"
      check = "ping4"
    }

    apply Service "ping4" {
      check_command = "ping4"
      assign where host.name == "my-server1"
    }

    apply Service "http" {
      check_command = "http_ip"
      assign where host.name == "my-server1"
    }

The example host `my-server1` creates two services which belong to this host:
`ping4` and `http`.

It also specifies that the host should inherit its availability state from the
`ping4` service.

> **Note**
>
> In Icinga 1.x hosts had their own check command, check interval and
> notification settings. Instead, in Icinga 2 hosts inherit their state
> from one of its child services. No checks are performed for the host
> itself.

The `address` macro is used by check commands to determine which network
address is associated with the host object.

### <a id="host-states"></a> Host States

Hosts inherit their state from the host check service that is specified using
the `check` attribute.

Hosts can be in any of the following states:

  Name        | Description
  ------------|--------------
  UP          | The host is available.
  DOWN        | The host is unavailable.
  UNREACHABLE | At least one of the host's dependencies (e.g. its upstream router) is unavailable causing the host to be unreachable.

### <a id="service-states"></a> Service States

Services can be in any of the following states:

  Name        | Description
  ------------|--------------
  OK          | The service is working properly.
  WARNING     | The service is experiencing some problems but is still considered to be in working condition.
  CRITICAL    | The service is in a critical state.
  UNKNOWN     | The check could not determine the service's state.

### <a id="hard-soft-states"></a> Hard and Soft States

When detecting a problem with a service Icinga re-checks the service a number of
times (based on the `max_check_attempts` and `retry_interval` settings) before sending
notifications. This ensures that no unnecessary notifications are sent for
transient failures. During this time the service is in a `SOFT` state.

After all re-checks have been executed and the service is still in a non-OK
state the service switches to a `HARD` state and notifications are sent.

  Name        | Description
  ------------|--------------
  HARD        | The host/service's state hasn't recently changed.
  SOFT        | The host/service has recently changed state and is being re-checked.