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---
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description: Keep a Changelog
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title: Keep a Changelog
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language: en
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---
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:markdown
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# Keep a CHANGELOG
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## Don’t let your friends dump git logs into CHANGELOGs™
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### What’s a change log?
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A change log is a file which contains a curated, chronologically ordered
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list of notable changes for each version of a project.
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%pre.changelog= File.read(File.expand_path("../../CHANGELOG.md", __FILE__))
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:markdown
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### What’s the point of a change log?
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To make it easier for users and contributors to see precisely what
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notable changes have been made between each release (or version) of the project.
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### Why should I care?
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Because software tools are for people. If you don’t care, why are
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you contributing to open source? Surely, there must be a kernel (ha!)
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of care somewhere in that lovely little brain of yours.
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I [talked with Adam Stacoviak and Jerod Santo on The Changelog][thechangelog]
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(fitting, right?) podcast about why maintainers and
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contributors should care, and the motivations behind this project.
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If you can spare the time (1:06), it’s a good listen.
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### What makes a good change log?
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I’m glad you asked.
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A good change log sticks to these principles:
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- It’s made for humans, not machines, so legibility is crucial.
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- Easy to link to any section (hence Markdown over plain text).
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- One sub-section per version.
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- List releases in reverse-chronological order (newest on top).
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- Write all dates in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. (Example: `2012-06-02` for `June 2nd, 2012`.) It’s international, [sensible](http://xkcd.com/1179/), and language-independent.
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- Explicitly mention whether the project follows [Semantic Versioning][semver].
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- Each version should:
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- List its release date in the above format.
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- Group changes to describe their impact on the project, as follows:
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- `Added` for new features.
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- `Changed` for changes in existing functionality.
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- `Deprecated` for once-stable features removed in upcoming releases.
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- `Removed` for deprecated features removed in this release.
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- `Fixed` for any bug fixes.
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- `Security` to invite users to upgrade in case of vulnerabilities.
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### How can I minimize the effort required?
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Always have an `"Unreleased"` section at the top for keeping track of any
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changes.
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This serves two purposes:
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- People can see what changes they might expect in upcoming releases
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- At release time, you just have to change `"Unreleased"` to the version number
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and add a new `"Unreleased"` header at the top.
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### What makes unicorns cry?
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Alright…let’s get into it.
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- **Dumping a diff of commit logs.** Just don’t do that, you’re helping nobody.
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- **Not emphasizing deprecations.** When people upgrade from one version to
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another, it should be painfully clear when something will break.
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- **Dates in region-specific formats.** In the U.S., people put the month first
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("06-02-2012" for June 2nd, 2012, which makes *no* sense), while many people
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in the rest of the world write a robotic-looking "2 June 2012", yet pronounce
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it differently. "2012-06-02" works logically from largest to smallest, doesn't
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overlap in ambiguous ways with other date formats, and is an
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[ISO standard](http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm). Thus, it
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is the recommended date format for change logs.
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There’s more. Help me collect those unicorn tears by
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[opening an issue][issues]
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or a pull request.
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### Is there a standard change log format?
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Sadly, no. Calm down. I know you're furiously rushing to find that link
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to the GNU change log style guide, or the two-paragraph GNU NEWS file
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"guideline". The GNU style guide is a nice start but it is sadly naive.
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There's nothing wrong with being naive but when people need
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guidance it's rarely very helpful. Especially when there are many
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situations and edge cases to deal with.
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This project [contains what I hope will become a better CHANGELOG file convention][CHANGELOG].
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I don't think the status quo is good enough, and I think that as a community we
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can come up with better conventions if we try to extract good practices from
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real software projects. Please take a look around and remember that
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[discussions and suggestions for improvements are welcome][issues]!
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### What should the change log file be named?
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Well, if you can’t tell from the example above, `CHANGELOG.md` is the
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best convention so far.
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Some projects also use `HISTORY.txt`, `HISTORY.md`, `History.md`, `NEWS.txt`,
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`NEWS.md`, `News.txt`, `RELEASES.txt`, `RELEASE.md`, `releases.md`, etc.
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It’s a mess. All these names only makes it harder for people to find it.
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### Why can’t people just use a `git log` diff?
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Because log diffs are full of noise — by nature. They could not make a suitable
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change log even in a hypothetical project run by perfect humans who never make
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typos, never forget to commit new files, never miss any part of a refactoring.
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The purpose of a commit is to document one atomic step in the process by which
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the code evolves from one state to another. The purpose of a change log is to
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document the noteworthy differences between these states.
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As is the difference between good comments and the code itself,
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so is the difference between a change log and the commit log:
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one describes the *why*, the other the how.
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### Can change logs be automatically parsed?
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It’s difficult, because people follow wildly different formats and file names.
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[Vandamme][vandamme] is a Ruby gem
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created by the [Gemnasium][gemnasium] team and which parses
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many (but not all) open source project change logs.
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### Why do you alternate between spelling it "CHANGELOG" and "change log"?
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"CHANGELOG" is the name of the file itself. It's a bit shouty but it's a
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historical convention followed by many open source projects. Other
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examples of similar files include [`README`][README], [`LICENSE`][LICENSE],
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and [`CONTRIBUTING`][CONTRIBUTING].
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The uppercase naming (which in old operating systems made these files stick
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to the top) is used to draw attention to them. Since they're important
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metadata about the project, they could be useful to anyone intending to use
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or contribute to it, much like [open source project badges][shields].
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When I refer to a "change log", I'm talking about the function of this
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file: to log changes.
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### What about yanked releases?
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Yanked releases are versions that had to be pulled because of a serious
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bug or security issue. Often these versions don't even appear in change
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logs. They should. This is how you should display them:
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`## 0.0.5 - 2014-12-13 [YANKED]`
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The `[YANKED]` tag is loud for a reason. It's important for people to
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notice it. Since it's surrounded by brackets it's also easier to parse
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programmatically.
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### Should you ever rewrite a change log?
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Sure. There are always good reasons to improve a change log. I regularly open
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pull requests to add missing releases to open source projects with unmaintained
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change logs.
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It's also possible you may discover that you forgot to address a breaking change
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in the notes for a version. It's obviously important for you to update your
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change log in this case.
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### How can I contribute?
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This document is not the **truth**; it’s my carefully considered
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opinion, along with information and examples I gathered.
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Although I provide an actual [CHANGELOG][] on [the GitHub repo][gh],
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I have purposefully not created a proper *release* or clear list of rules
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to follow (as [SemVer.org][semver] does, for instance).
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This is because I want our community to reach a consensus. I believe the
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discussion is as important as the end result.
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So please [**pitch in**][gh].
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[CHANGELOG]: https://github.com/olivierlacan/keep-a-changelog/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md
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[CONTRIBUTING]: https://github.com/olivierlacan/keep-a-changelog/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md
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[LICENSE]: https://github.com/olivierlacan/keep-a-changelog/blob/master/LICENSE
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[README]: https://github.com/olivierlacan/keep-a-changelog/blob/master/README.md
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[gemnasium]: https://gemnasium.com/
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[gh]: https://github.com/olivierlacan/keep-a-changelog
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[issues]: https://github.com/olivierlacan/keep-a-changelog/issues
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[semver]: http://semver.org/
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[shields]: http://shields.io/
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[thechangelog]: http://5by5.tv/changelog/127
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[vandamme]: https://github.com/tech-angels/vandamme/
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---
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description: 如何維護更新日誌
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title: 如何維護更新日誌
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language: zh-cn
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@ -322,4 +142,4 @@ language: zh-cn
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[semver]: http://semver.org/lang/zh-CN/
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[shields]: http://shields.io/
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[thechangelog]: http://5by5.tv/changelog/127
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[vandamme]: https://github.com/tech-angels/vandamme
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[vandamme]: https://github.com/tech-angels/vandamme
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