**Note** The project is currently transitioning from a naming system based on specification section numbers. There remains a substantial number of tests that conform to this outdated convention; contributors should ignore that approach when introducing new tests and instead encode this information using the [es5id](#es5id) or [es6id](#es6id) frontmatter tags.
The Test262 frontmatter is a string of [YAML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML) enclosed by the comment start tag `/*---` and end tag `---*/`. There must be exactly one Frontmatter per test.
If an error is thrown, it is implicitly converted to a string. The second parameter is a regular expression that will be matched against this string. If the match fails, a test failure is reported. Thus the regular expression can match either the error name, or the message contents, or both.
This tag identifies the section number from the portion of the ECMAScript 5.1 standard that is tested by this test. It was automatically generated for tests that were originally written for the ES5 version of the test suite and are now part of the ES6 version.
When writing a new test for ES6, it is only necessary to include this tag when the test covers a part of the ES5 spec that is incorporated into ES6. All other tests should specify the `es6id` (see below) instead.
This tag identifies the section number from the portion of the ECMAScript 6 standard that is tested by this test.
#### id
**id**: [spec-id]
This tag identifies the hash id from the portion of the ECMAScript draft which is most recent to the date the test was added. It represents the anchors on the generated HTML version of the specs. E.g.: `id: sec-typedarray-length`. This tag might be used to replace a `es6id` or further.
When writing a new test for a Stage 3+ spec not yet published on the draft, the `pending` value can be used while a hash id is not available.
This tag names a list of helper files that will be included in the test environment prior to running the test. Filenames **must** include the `.js` extension.
The helper files are found in the `test/harness/` directory. When some code is used repeatedly across a group of tests, a new helper function (or group of helpers) can be defined. Helpers increase test complexity, so they should be created and used sparingly.
This tag specifies the number of milliseconds to wait before the test runner declares an [asynchronous test](#writing-asynchronous-tests) to have timed out. It has no effect on synchronous tests.
Test authors **should not** use this tag except as a last resort. Each runner is allowed to provide its own default timeout, and the user may be permitted to override this in order to account for unusually fast or slow hardware, network delays, etc.
Some tests require the use of language features that are not directly described by the test file's location in the directory structure. These features should be formally listed here.
Each test case is run in a fresh JavaScript environment; in a browser, this will be a new `IFRAME`; for a console runner, this will be a new process. The test harness code is loaded before the test is run. The test harness defines the following helper functions:
Function | Purpose
---------|--------
Test262Error(message) | constructor for an error object that indicates a test failure
$ERROR(message) | construct a Test262Error object and throw it
$DONE(arg) | see Writing Asynchronous Tests, below
assert(value, message) | throw a new Test262Error instance if the specified value is not strictly equal to the JavaScript `true` value; accepts an optional string message for use in creating the error
assert.sameValue(actual, expected, message) | throw a new Test262Error instance if the first two arguments are not [the same value](http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevalue); accepts an optional string message for use in creating the error
assert.notSameValue(actual, unexpected, message) | throw a new Test262Error instance if the first two arguments are [the same value](http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevalue); accepts an optional string message for use in creating the error
assert.throws(expectedErrorConstructor, fn) | throw a new Test262Error instance if the provided function does not throw an error, or if the constructor of the value thrown does not match the provided constructor
The test harness also defines the following objects:
An asynchronous test is any test that includes the string `$DONE` anywhere in the test file. The test runner checks for the presence of this string; if it is found, the runner expects that the `$DONE()` function will be called to signal test completion.
* If the argument to `$DONE` is omitted, is `undefined`, or is any other falsy value, the test is considered to have passed.
* If the argument to `$DONE` is a truthy value, the test is considered to have failed and the argument is displayed as the failure reason.
A common idiom when writing asynchronous tests is the following:
```js
var p = new Promise(function () { /* some test code */ });
Function `checkAssertions` implicitly returns `undefined` if the expected condition is observed. The return value of function `checkAssertions` is then used to asynchronously invoke the first function of the final `then` call, resulting in a call to `$DONE(undefined)`, which signals a passing test.
If the expected condition is not observed, function `checkAssertions` throws a `Test262Error` via function $ERROR. This is caught by the Promise and then used to asynchronously invoke the second function in the call -- which is also `$DONE` -- resulting in a call to `$DONE(error_object)`, which signals a failing test.
