diff --git a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/date-time-format.js b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/date-time-format.js
index ba51c1cd2e..f2410131e3 100644
--- a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/date-time-format.js
+++ b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/date-time-format.js
@@ -8,8 +8,36 @@ includes: [deepEqual.js]
 features: [Temporal]
 ---*/
 
-// should return an Array
+// Tolerate implementation variance by expecting consistency without being prescriptive.
+// TODO: can we change tests to be less reliant on CLDR formats while still testing that
+// Temporal and Intl are behaving as expected?
+const usDayPeriodSpace =
+  new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", { timeStyle: "short" })
+    .formatToParts(0)
+    .find((part, i, parts) => part.type === "literal" && parts[i + 1].type === "dayPeriod")?.value || "";
+const usDateRangeSeparator = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", { dateStyle: "short" })
+  .formatRangeToParts(1 * 86400 * 1000, 366 * 86400 * 1000)
+  .find((part) => part.type === "literal" && part.source === "shared").value;
+const deDateRangeSeparator = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("de-AT", { dateStyle: "short" })
+  .formatRangeToParts(1 * 86400 * 1000, 366 * 86400 * 1000)
+  .find((part) => part.type === "literal" && part.source === "shared").value;
 
+// Workarounds for https:// unicode-org.atlassian.net/browse/CLDR-16243
+const deMonthDayRangeSeparator = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("de-AT", { month: "numeric", day: "numeric" })
+  .formatRangeToParts(1 * 86400 * 1000, 90 * 86400 * 1000)
+  .find((part) => part.type === "literal" && part.source === "shared").value;
+const deMonthYearSeparator = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("de-AT", { year: "numeric", month: "numeric" })
+  .formatToParts(0)
+  .find((part) => part.type === "literal").value;
+const deMonthInYearMonthHasLeadingZero = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("de-AT", {
+  year: "numeric",
+  month: "numeric"
+})
+  .formatToParts(new Date(2000, 3, 1))
+  .find((part) => part.type === "month")
+  .value.startsWith("0");
+
+// should return an Array
 assert(Array.isArray(Intl.DateTimeFormat.supportedLocalesOf()));
 var onlyOnce = (value) => {
   var obj = {
@@ -52,19 +80,19 @@ var start = new Date("1922-12-30");
 var end = new Date("1991-12-26");
 
 // should work for Instant
-assert.sameValue(us.format(Temporal.Instant.from(t1)), "11/18/1976, 9:23:30 AM");
+assert.sameValue(us.format(Temporal.Instant.from(t1)), `11/18/1976, 9:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}AM`);
 assert.sameValue(at.format(Temporal.Instant.from(t1)), "18.11.1976, 15:23:30");
 
 // should work for ZonedDateTime
-assert.sameValue(us2.format(Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from(t1)), "11/18/1976, 2:23:30 PM UTC");
+assert.sameValue(us2.format(Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from(t1)), `11/18/1976, 2:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM UTC`);
 assert.sameValue(at2.format(Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from(t1)), "18.11.1976, 14:23:30 UTC");
 
 // should work for DateTime
-assert.sameValue(us.format(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1)), "11/18/1976, 2:23:30 PM");
+assert.sameValue(us.format(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1)), `11/18/1976, 2:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
 assert.sameValue(at.format(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1)), "18.11.1976, 14:23:30");
 
 // should work for Time
-assert.sameValue(us.format(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1)), "2:23:30 PM");
+assert.sameValue(us.format(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1)), `2:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
 assert.sameValue(at.format(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1)), "14:23:30");
 
 // should work for Date
@@ -74,7 +102,7 @@ assert.sameValue(at.format(Temporal.PlainDate.from(t1)), "18.11.1976");
 // should work for YearMonth
 var t = Temporal.PlainDate.from(t1);
 assert.sameValue(us.format(t.withCalendar(usCalendar).toPlainYearMonth()), "11/1976");
-assert.sameValue(at.format(t.withCalendar(atCalendar).toPlainYearMonth()), "11.1976");
+assert.sameValue(at.format(t.withCalendar(atCalendar).toPlainYearMonth()), `11${deMonthYearSeparator}1976`);
 
 // should work for MonthDay
 var t = Temporal.PlainDate.from(t1);
@@ -133,7 +161,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatToParts(Temporal.Instant.from(t2)), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " "
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace
   },
   {
     type: "dayPeriod",
@@ -234,7 +262,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us2.formatToParts(Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from(t2)), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " "
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace
   },
   {
     type: "dayPeriod",
@@ -351,7 +379,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatToParts(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t2)), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " "
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace
   },
   {
     type: "dayPeriod",
@@ -428,7 +456,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatToParts(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t2)), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " "
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace
   },
   {
     type: "dayPeriod",
@@ -521,11 +549,11 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatToParts(t.withCalendar(usCalendar).toPlainYearMonth())
 assert.deepEqual(at.formatToParts(t.withCalendar(atCalendar).toPlainYearMonth()), [
   {
     type: "month",
-    value: "2"
+    value: deMonthInYearMonthHasLeadingZero ? "02" : "2"
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: "."
+    value: deMonthYearSeparator
   },
   {
     type: "year",
@@ -615,44 +643,50 @@ assert.deepEqual(at.formatToParts(end), [
 // should work for Instant
 assert.sameValue(
   us.formatRange(Temporal.Instant.from(t1), Temporal.Instant.from(t2)),
-  "11/18/1976, 9:23:30 AM \u2013 2/20/2020, 3:44:56 PM"
+  `11/18/1976, 9:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}AM${usDateRangeSeparator}2/20/2020, 3:44:56${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`
 );
 assert.sameValue(
   at.formatRange(Temporal.Instant.from(t1), Temporal.Instant.from(t2)),
-  "18.11.1976, 15:23:30 \u2013 20.2.2020, 21:44:56"
+  `18.11.1976, 15:23:30${deDateRangeSeparator}20.2.2020, 21:44:56`
 );
 
 // should work for ZonedDateTime
 var zdt1 = Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from(t1);
 var zdt2 = Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from(t2).withTimeZone(zdt1.timeZone);
-assert.sameValue(us2.formatRange(zdt1, zdt2), "11/18/1976, 2:23:30 PM UTC \u2013 2/20/2020, 8:44:56 PM UTC");
-assert.sameValue(at2.formatRange(zdt1, zdt2), "18.11.1976, 14:23:30 UTC \u2013 20.2.2020, 20:44:56 UTC");
+assert.sameValue(
+  us2.formatRange(zdt1, zdt2),
+  `11/18/1976, 2:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM UTC${usDateRangeSeparator}2/20/2020, 8:44:56${usDayPeriodSpace}PM UTC`
+);
+assert.sameValue(at2.formatRange(zdt1, zdt2), `18.11.1976, 14:23:30 UTC${deDateRangeSeparator}20.2.2020, 20:44:56 UTC`);
 
 // should work for DateTime
 assert.sameValue(
   us.formatRange(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1), Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t2)),
-  "11/18/1976, 2:23:30 PM \u2013 2/20/2020, 3:44:56 PM"
+  `11/18/1976, 2:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM${usDateRangeSeparator}2/20/2020, 3:44:56${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`
 );
 assert.sameValue(
   at.formatRange(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1), Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t2)),
-  "18.11.1976, 14:23:30 \u2013 20.2.2020, 15:44:56"
+  `18.11.1976, 14:23:30${deDateRangeSeparator}20.2.2020, 15:44:56`
 );
 
 // should work for Time
 assert.sameValue(
   us.formatRange(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1), Temporal.PlainTime.from(t2)),
-  "2:23:30 PM \u2013 3:44:56 PM"
+  `2:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM${usDateRangeSeparator}3:44:56${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`
+);
+assert.sameValue(
+  at.formatRange(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1), Temporal.PlainTime.from(t2)),
+  `14:23:30${deDateRangeSeparator}15:44:56`
 );
-assert.sameValue(at.formatRange(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1), Temporal.PlainTime.from(t2)), "14:23:30 \u2013 15:44:56");
 
 // should work for Date
 assert.sameValue(
   us.formatRange(Temporal.PlainDate.from(t1), Temporal.PlainDate.from(t2)),
-  "11/18/1976 \u2013 2/20/2020"
+  `11/18/1976${usDateRangeSeparator}2/20/2020`
 );
 assert.sameValue(
   at.formatRange(Temporal.PlainDate.from(t1), Temporal.PlainDate.from(t2)),
-  "18.11.1976 \u2013 20.02.2020"
+  `18.11.1976${deDateRangeSeparator}20.02.2020`
 );
 
 // should work for YearMonth
@@ -660,11 +694,11 @@ var date1 = Temporal.PlainDate.from(t1);
 var date2 = Temporal.PlainDate.from(t2);
 assert.sameValue(
   us.formatRange(date1.withCalendar(usCalendar).toPlainYearMonth(), date2.withCalendar(usCalendar).toPlainYearMonth()),
-  "11/1976 \u2013 2/2020"
+  `11/1976${usDateRangeSeparator}2/2020`
 );
 assert.sameValue(
   at.formatRange(date1.withCalendar(atCalendar).toPlainYearMonth(), date2.withCalendar(atCalendar).toPlainYearMonth()),
-  "11.1976 \u2013 02.2020"
+  `11${deMonthYearSeparator}1976${deDateRangeSeparator}02${deMonthYearSeparator}2020`
 );
 
 // should work for MonthDay
@@ -672,18 +706,17 @@ var date1 = Temporal.PlainDate.from(t1);
 var date2 = Temporal.PlainDate.from(t2);
 assert.sameValue(
   us.formatRange(date2.withCalendar(usCalendar).toPlainMonthDay(), date1.withCalendar(usCalendar).toPlainMonthDay()),
-  "2/20 \u2013 11/18"
+  `2/20${usDateRangeSeparator}11/18`
 );
 assert.sameValue(
   at.formatRange(date2.withCalendar(atCalendar).toPlainMonthDay(), date1.withCalendar(atCalendar).toPlainMonthDay()),
-  "20.02. \u2013 18.11."
+  `20.02${deMonthDayRangeSeparator}18.11.`
 );
 
 // should not break legacy Date
-assert.sameValue(us.formatRange(start, end), "12/29/1922 \u2013 12/25/1991");
-assert.sameValue(at.formatRange(start, end), "30.12.1922 \u2013 26.12.1991");
+assert.sameValue(us.formatRange(start, end), `12/29/1922${usDateRangeSeparator}12/25/1991`);
+assert.sameValue(at.formatRange(start, end), `30.12.1922${deDateRangeSeparator}26.12.1991`);
 
-// should throw a TypeError when called with dissimilar types", () => assert.throws(TypeError, () => us.formatRange(Temporal.Instant.from(t1), Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t2))));
 // should throw a RangeError when called with different calendars
 assert.throws(RangeError, () =>
   us.formatRange(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1), Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t2).withCalendar("japanese"))
@@ -755,7 +788,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.Instant.from(t1), Temporal.Insta
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " ",
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace,
     source: "startRange"
   },
   {
@@ -765,7 +798,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.Instant.from(t1), Temporal.Insta
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: usDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -825,7 +858,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.Instant.from(t1), Temporal.Insta
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " ",
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace,
     source: "endRange"
   },
   {
@@ -892,7 +925,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(at.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.Instant.from(t1), Temporal.Insta
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: deDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -1013,7 +1046,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us2.formatRangeToParts(zdt1, zdt2), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " ",
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace,
     source: "startRange"
   },
   {
@@ -1033,7 +1066,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us2.formatRangeToParts(zdt1, zdt2), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: usDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -1093,7 +1126,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us2.formatRangeToParts(zdt1, zdt2), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " ",
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace,
     source: "endRange"
   },
   {
@@ -1180,7 +1213,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(at2.formatRangeToParts(zdt1, zdt2), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: deDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -1308,7 +1341,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1), Temporal
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " ",
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace,
     source: "startRange"
   },
   {
@@ -1318,7 +1351,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1), Temporal
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: usDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -1378,7 +1411,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1), Temporal
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " ",
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace,
     source: "endRange"
   },
   {
@@ -1445,7 +1478,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(at.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainDateTime.from(t1), Temporal
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: deDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -1533,7 +1566,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1), Temporal.Pla
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " ",
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace,
     source: "startRange"
   },
   {
@@ -1543,7 +1576,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1), Temporal.Pla
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: usDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -1573,7 +1606,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1), Temporal.Pla
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " ",
+    value: usDayPeriodSpace,
     source: "endRange"
   },
   {
@@ -1610,7 +1643,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(at.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainTime.from(t1), Temporal.Pla
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: deDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -1668,7 +1701,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainDate.from(t1), Temporal.Pla
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: usDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -1725,7 +1758,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(at.formatRangeToParts(Temporal.PlainDate.from(t1), Temporal.Pla
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: deDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -1780,7 +1813,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(
     },
     {
       type: "literal",
-      value: " \u2013 ",
+      value: usDateRangeSeparator,
       source: "shared"
     },
     {
@@ -1813,7 +1846,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(
     },
     {
       type: "literal",
-      value: ".",
+      value: deMonthYearSeparator,
       source: "startRange"
     },
     {
@@ -1823,7 +1856,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(
     },
     {
       type: "literal",
-      value: " \u2013 ",
+      value: deDateRangeSeparator,
       source: "shared"
     },
     {
@@ -1833,7 +1866,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(
     },
     {
       type: "literal",
-      value: ".",
+      value: deMonthYearSeparator,
       source: "endRange"
     },
     {
@@ -1869,7 +1902,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(
     },
     {
       type: "literal",
-      value: " \u2013 ",
+      value: usDateRangeSeparator,
       source: "shared"
     },
     {
@@ -1912,7 +1945,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(
     },
     {
       type: "literal",
-      value: ". \u2013 ",
+      value: deMonthDayRangeSeparator,
       source: "shared"
     },
     {
@@ -1966,7 +1999,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(us.formatRangeToParts(start, end), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: usDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
@@ -2023,7 +2056,7 @@ assert.deepEqual(at.formatRangeToParts(start, end), [
   },
   {
     type: "literal",
-    value: " \u2013 ",
+    value: deDateRangeSeparator,
     source: "shared"
   },
   {
diff --git a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/datetime-toLocaleString.js b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/datetime-toLocaleString.js
index ee88de87bc..65a7bcdbef 100644
--- a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/datetime-toLocaleString.js
+++ b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/datetime-toLocaleString.js
@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ description: datetime.toLocaleString()
 features: [Temporal]
 ---*/
 
+// Tolerate implementation variance by expecting consistency without being prescriptive.
+// TODO: can we change tests to be less reliant on CLDR formats while still testing that
+// Temporal and Intl are behaving as expected?
+const usDayPeriodSpace =
+  new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", { timeStyle: "short" })
+    .formatToParts(0)
+    .find((part, i, parts) => part.type === "literal" && parts[i + 1].type === "dayPeriod")?.value || "";
+
 function maybeGetWeekdayOnlyFormat() {
   const fmt = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", { weekday: "long", timeZone: "Europe/Vienna" });
   if (
@@ -21,17 +29,26 @@ function maybeGetWeekdayOnlyFormat() {
 }
 
 var datetime = Temporal.PlainDateTime.from("1976-11-18T15:23:30");
-assert.sameValue(`${datetime.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/New_York" })}`, "11/18/1976, 3:23:30 PM");
+assert.sameValue(
+  `${datetime.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/New_York" })}`,
+  `11/18/1976, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`
+);
 assert.sameValue(`${datetime.toLocaleString("de-AT", { timeZone: "Europe/Vienna" })}`, "18.11.1976, 15:23:30");
 var fmt = maybeGetWeekdayOnlyFormat();
 if (fmt) assert.sameValue(fmt.format(datetime), "Thursday");
 
 // should ignore units not in the data type
-assert.sameValue(datetime.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZoneName: "long" }), "11/18/1976, 3:23:30 PM");
+assert.sameValue(
+  datetime.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZoneName: "long" }),
+  `11/18/1976, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`
+);
 
 // should use compatible disambiguation option
 var dstStart = new Temporal.PlainDateTime(2020, 3, 8, 2, 30);
-assert.sameValue(`${dstStart.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/Los_Angeles" })}`, "3/8/2020, 3:30:00 AM");
+assert.sameValue(
+  `${dstStart.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/Los_Angeles" })}`,
+  `3/8/2020, 3:30:00${usDayPeriodSpace}AM`
+);
 
 // works when the object's calendar is the same as the locale's calendar
 var dt = Temporal.PlainDateTime.from({
@@ -45,12 +62,12 @@ var dt = Temporal.PlainDateTime.from({
   calendar: "japanese"
 });
 var result = dt.toLocaleString("en-US-u-ca-japanese");
-assert(result === "11/18/51, 3:23:30 PM" || result === "11/18/51 S, 3:23:30 PM");
+assert(result === `11/18/51, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM` || result === `11/18/51 S, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
 
 // adopts the locale's calendar when the object's calendar is ISO
 var dt = Temporal.PlainDateTime.from("1976-11-18T15:23:30");
 var result = dt.toLocaleString("en-US-u-ca-japanese");
-assert(result === "11/18/51, 3:23:30 PM" || result === "11/18/51 S, 3:23:30 PM");
+assert(result === `11/18/51, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM` || result === `11/18/51 S, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
 
 // throws when the calendars are different and not ISO
 var dt = Temporal.PlainDateTime.from({
diff --git a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/instant-toLocaleString.js b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/instant-toLocaleString.js
index d7b92c7998..5c18da4dcd 100644
--- a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/instant-toLocaleString.js
+++ b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/instant-toLocaleString.js
@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ description: Instant.toLocaleString()
 features: [Temporal]
 ---*/
 
+// Tolerate implementation variance by expecting consistency without being prescriptive.
+// TODO: can we change tests to be less reliant on CLDR formats while still testing that
+// Temporal and Intl are behaving as expected?
+const usDayPeriodSpace =
+  new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", { timeStyle: "short" })
+    .formatToParts(0)
+    .find((part, i, parts) => part.type === "literal" && parts[i + 1].type === "dayPeriod")?.value || "";
+
 function maybeGetWeekdayOnlyFormat() {
   const fmt = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", { weekday: "long", timeZone: "Europe/Vienna" });
   if (
@@ -21,7 +29,10 @@ function maybeGetWeekdayOnlyFormat() {
 }
 
 var instant = Temporal.Instant.from("1976-11-18T14:23:30Z");
-assert.sameValue(`${instant.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/New_York" })}`, "11/18/1976, 9:23:30 AM");
+assert.sameValue(
+  `${instant.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/New_York" })}`,
+  `11/18/1976, 9:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}AM`
+);
 assert.sameValue(`${instant.toLocaleString("de-AT", { timeZone: "Europe/Vienna" })}`, "18.11.1976, 15:23:30");
 var fmt = maybeGetWeekdayOnlyFormat();
 if (fmt) assert.sameValue(fmt.format(instant), "Thursday");
diff --git a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/time-toLocaleString.js b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/time-toLocaleString.js
index 331dccc74f..1ab7b0776b 100644
--- a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/time-toLocaleString.js
+++ b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/time-toLocaleString.js
@@ -7,13 +7,21 @@ description: time.toLocaleString()
 features: [Temporal]
 ---*/
 
+// Tolerate implementation variance by expecting consistency without being prescriptive.
+// TODO: can we change tests to be less reliant on CLDR formats while still testing that
+// Temporal and Intl are behaving as expected?
+const usDayPeriodSpace =
+  new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", { timeStyle: "short" })
+    .formatToParts(0)
+    .find((part, i, parts) => part.type === "literal" && parts[i + 1].type === "dayPeriod")?.value || "";
+
 var time = Temporal.PlainTime.from("1976-11-18T15:23:30");
-assert.sameValue(`${time.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/New_York" })}`, "3:23:30 PM");
+assert.sameValue(`${time.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/New_York" })}`, `3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
 assert.sameValue(`${time.toLocaleString("de-AT", { timeZone: "Europe/Vienna" })}`, "15:23:30");
 
 // should ignore units not in the data type
-assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZoneName: "long" }), "3:23:30 PM");
-assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { year: "numeric" }), "3:23:30 PM");
-assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { month: "numeric" }), "3:23:30 PM");
-assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { day: "numeric" }), "3:23:30 PM");
-assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { weekday: "long" }), "3:23:30 PM");
+assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZoneName: "long" }), `3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
+assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { year: "numeric" }), `3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
+assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { month: "numeric" }), `3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
+assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { day: "numeric" }), `3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
+assert.sameValue(time.toLocaleString("en-US", { weekday: "long" }), `3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM`);
diff --git a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/yearmonth-toLocaleString.js b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/yearmonth-toLocaleString.js
index f9192ca4b2..8e8a1d3146 100644
--- a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/yearmonth-toLocaleString.js
+++ b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/yearmonth-toLocaleString.js
@@ -7,6 +7,17 @@ description: yearmonth.toLocaleString()
 features: [Temporal]
 ---*/
 
+// Tolerate implementation variance by expecting consistency without being prescriptive.
+// TODO: can we change tests to be less reliant on CLDR formats while still testing that
+// Temporal and Intl are behaving as expected?
+// Workarounds for https://unicode-org.atlassian.net/browse/CLDR-16243
+const deMonthDayRangeSeparator = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("de-AT", { month: "numeric", day: "numeric" })
+  .formatRangeToParts(1 * 86400 * 1000, 90 * 86400 * 1000)
+  .find((part) => part.type === "literal" && part.source === "shared").value;
+const deMonthYearSeparator = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("de-AT", { year: "numeric", month: "numeric" })
+  .formatToParts(0)
+  .find((part) => part.type === "literal").value;
+
 var calendar = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US").resolvedOptions().calendar;
 var yearmonth = Temporal.PlainYearMonth.from({
   year: 1976,
@@ -15,11 +26,8 @@ var yearmonth = Temporal.PlainYearMonth.from({
 });
 assert.sameValue(`${yearmonth.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/New_York" })}`, "11/1976");
 assert.sameValue(
-  `${yearmonth.toLocaleString("de-AT", {
-    timeZone: "Europe/Vienna",
-    calendar
-  })}`,
-  "11.1976"
+  `${yearmonth.toLocaleString("de-AT", { timeZone: "Europe/Vienna", calendar })}`,
+  `11${deMonthYearSeparator}1976`
 );
 
 // should ignore units not in the data type
diff --git a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/zoneddatetime-toLocaleString.js b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/zoneddatetime-toLocaleString.js
index 39d6fea936..b96dfeebc9 100644
--- a/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/zoneddatetime-toLocaleString.js
+++ b/test/staging/Intl402/Temporal/old/zoneddatetime-toLocaleString.js
@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ description: zoneddatetime.toLocaleString()
 features: [Temporal]
 ---*/
 
+// Tolerate implementation variance by expecting consistency without being prescriptive.
+// TODO: can we change tests to be less reliant on CLDR formats while still testing that
+// Temporal and Intl are behaving as expected?
+const usDayPeriodSpace =
+  new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", { timeStyle: "short" })
+    .formatToParts(0)
+    .find((part, i, parts) => part.type === "literal" && parts[i + 1].type === "dayPeriod")?.value || "";
+
 function maybeGetWeekdayOnlyFormat() {
   const fmt = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", { weekday: "long", timeZone: "Europe/Vienna" });
   if (
@@ -21,7 +29,7 @@ function maybeGetWeekdayOnlyFormat() {
 }
 
 var zdt = Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from("1976-11-18T15:23:30+01:00[Europe/Vienna]");
-assert.sameValue(zdt.toLocaleString("en-US"), "11/18/1976, 3:23:30 PM GMT+1");
+assert.sameValue(zdt.toLocaleString("en-US"), `11/18/1976, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM GMT+1`);
 assert.sameValue(zdt.toLocaleString("de-AT"), "18.11.1976, 15:23:30 MEZ");
 
 const fmt = maybeGetWeekdayOnlyFormat();
@@ -30,11 +38,14 @@ if (fmt) assert.sameValue(fmt.format(zdt), "Thursday");
 // can override the style of the time zone name
 assert.sameValue(
   zdt.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZoneName: "long" }),
-  "11/18/1976, 3:23:30 PM Central European Standard Time"
+  `11/18/1976, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM Central European Standard Time`
 );
 
 // works if the time zone given in options agrees with the object's time zone
-assert.sameValue(zdt.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "Europe/Vienna" }), "11/18/1976, 3:23:30 PM GMT+1");
+assert.sameValue(
+  zdt.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "Europe/Vienna" }),
+  `11/18/1976, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM GMT+1`
+);
 
 // throws if the time zone given in options disagrees with the object's time zone
 assert.throws(RangeError, () => zdt.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America/New_York" }));
@@ -42,12 +53,16 @@ assert.throws(RangeError, () => zdt.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "America
 // works when the object's calendar is the same as the locale's calendar
 var zdt = new Temporal.ZonedDateTime(0n, "UTC", "japanese");
 var result = zdt.toLocaleString("en-US-u-ca-japanese");
-assert(result === "1/1/45, 12:00:00 AM UTC" || result === "1/1/45 S, 12:00:00 AM UTC");
+assert(
+  result === `1/1/45, 12:00:00${usDayPeriodSpace}AM UTC` || result === `1/1/45 S, 12:00:00${usDayPeriodSpace}AM UTC`
+);
 
 // adopts the locale's calendar when the object's calendar is ISO
 var zdt = Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from("1976-11-18T15:23:30+00:00[UTC]");
 var result = zdt.toLocaleString("en-US-u-ca-japanese");
-assert(result === "11/18/51, 3:23:30 PM UTC" || result === "11/18/51 S, 3:23:30 PM UTC");
+assert(
+  result === `11/18/51, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM UTC` || result === `11/18/51 S, 3:23:30${usDayPeriodSpace}PM UTC`
+);
 
 // throws when the calendars are different and not ISO
 var zdt = new Temporal.ZonedDateTime(0n, "UTC", "gregory");