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Migration from Icinga 1.x

Configuration Migration

The Icinga 2 configuration format introduces plenty of behavioural changes. In order to ease migration from Icinga 1.x, Icinga 2 ships its own config migration script.

Configuration Migration Script

In order to migrate existing configuration in Icinga 1.x format the Icinga CLI as part of the Icinga Web 2 project will provide a conversion module.

Due to the complexity of the Icinga 1.x configuration format the migration script might not currently work for all use cases.

The migration script tries to preserve your existing template structure and adds new templates where appropriate. However, the original file structure is not preserved.

The migration script uses templates from the Icinga Template Library where possible.

Manual Config Migration

For a long-term migration of your configuration you should consider re-creating your configuration based on the Icinga 2 proposed way of doing configuration right.

Please read the next chapter to get an idea about the differences between 1.x and 2.

Differences between Icinga 1.x and 2

Configuration Format

Icinga 1.x supports two configuration formats: key-value-based settings in the icinga.cfg configuration file and object-based in included files (cfg_dir, cfg_file). The path to the icinga.cfg configuration file must be passed to the Icinga daemon at startup.

enable_notifications=1

define service {
   notifications_enabled    0
}

Icinga 2 supports objects and (global) variables, but does not make a difference if it's the main configuration file, or any included file.

const EnableNotifications = true

object Service "test" {
    enable_notifications = 0
}

Sample Configuration and ITL

While Icinga 1.x ships sample configuration and templates spread in various object files Icinga 2 moves all templates into the Icinga Template Library (ITL) and includes that in the sample configuration.

Additional plugin check commands are shipped with Icinga 2 as well.

The ITL will be updated on every release and should not be edited by the user.

There are still generic templates available for your convenience which may or may not be re-used in your configuration. For instance, generic-service includes all required attributes except check_command for an inline service.

Sample configuration files are located in the conf.d/ directory which is included in icinga2.conf by default.

Main Config File

In Icinga 1.x there are many global configuration settings available in icinga.cfg. Icinga 2 only uses a small set of global constants allowing you to specify certain different setting such as the NodeName in a cluster scenario.

Aside from that, the icinga2.conf should take care of including global constants, enabled features and the object configuration.

Include Files and Directories

In Icinga 1.x the icinga.cfg file contains cfg_file and cfg_dir directives. The cfg_dir directive recursively includes all files with a .cfg suffix in the given directory. Only absolute paths may be used. The cfg_file and cfg_dir directives can include the same file twice which leads to configuration errors in Icinga 1.x.

cfg_file=/etc/icinga/objects/commands.cfg
cfg_dir=/etc/icinga/objects

Icinga 2 supports wildcard includes and relative paths, e.g. for including conf.d/*.conf in the same directory.

include "conf.d/*.conf"

If you want to include files and directories recursively, you need to define a separate option and add the directory and an optional pattern.

include_recursive "conf.d"

A global search path for includes is available for advanced features like the Icinga Template Library (ITL) or additional monitoring plugins check command configuration.

include <itl>
include <plugins>

By convention the .conf suffix is used for Icinga 2 configuration files.

Resource File and Global Macros

Global macros such as for the plugin directory, usernames and passwords can be set in the resource.cfg configuration file in Icinga 1.x. By convention the USER1 macro is used to define the directory for the plugins.

Icinga 2 uses global constants instead. In the default config these are set in the constants.conf configuration file:

/**
 * This file defines global constants which can be used in
 * the other configuration files. At a minimum the
 * PluginDir constant should be defined.
 */

const PluginDir = "/usr/lib/nagios/plugins"

Global macros can only be defined once. Trying to modify a global constant will result in an error.

Configuration Comments

In Icinga 1.x comments are made using a leading hash (#) or a semi-colon (;) for inline comments.

In Icinga 2 comments can either be encapsulated by /* and */ (allowing for multi-line comments) or starting with two slashes (//). A leading hash (#) could also be used.

Object names

Object names must not contain a colon (!). Use the display_name attribute to specify user-friendly names which should be shown in UIs (supported by Icinga 1.x Classic UI and Web).

Object names are not specified using attributes (e.g. service_description for services) like in Icinga 1.x but directly after their type definition.

define service {
    host_name  localhost
    service_description  ping4
}

object Service "ping4" {
  host_name = "localhost"
}

Templates

In Icinga 1.x templates are identified using the register 0 setting. Icinga 2 uses the template identifier:

template Service "ping4-template" { }

Icinga 1.x objects inherit from templates using the use attribute. Icinga 2 uses the keyword import with template names in double quotes.

define service {
    service_description testservice
    use                 tmpl1,tmpl2,tmpl3
}

object Service "testservice" {
  import "tmpl1"
  import "tmpl2"
  import "tmpl3"
}

The last template overrides previously set values.

Object attributes

Icinga 1.x separates attribute and value pairs with whitespaces/tabs. Icinga 2 requires an equal sign (=) between them.

define service {
    check_interval  5
}

object Service "test" {
    check_interval = 5m
}

Please note that the default time value is seconds, if no duration literal is given. check_interval = 5 behaves the same as check_interval = 5s.

All strings require double quotes in Icinga 2. Therefore a double-quote must be escaped with a backslash (e.g. in command line). If an attribute identifier starts with a number, it must be encapsulated with double quotes as well.

Alias vs. Display Name

In Icinga 1.x a host can have an alias and a display_name attribute used for a more descriptive name. A service only can have a display_name attribute. The alias is used for group, timeperiod, etc. objects too. Icinga 2 only supports the display_name attribute which is also taken into account by Icinga web interfaces.

Custom Attributes

Icinga 2 allows you to define custom attributes in the vars dictionary. The notes, notes_url, action_url, icon_image, icon_image_alt attributes for host and service objects are still available in Icinga 2.

2d_coords and statusmap_image are not supported in Icinga 2.

Custom Variables

Icinga 1.x custom variable attributes must be prefixed using an underscore (_). In Icinga 2 these attributes must be added to the vars dictionary as custom attributes.

vars.dn = "cn=icinga2-dev-host,ou=icinga,ou=main,ou=IcingaConfig,ou=LConf,dc=icinga,dc=org"
vars.cv = "my custom cmdb description"

These custom attributes are also used as command parameters.

Host Service Relation

In Icinga 1.x a service object is associated with a host by defining the host_name attribute in the service definition. Alternate methods refer to hostgroup_name or behavior changing regular expression.

The preferred way of associating hosts with services in Icinga 2 is by using the apply keyword.

Users

Contacts have been renamed to Users (same for groups). A user does not only provide attributes and custom attributes used for notifications, but is also used for authorization checks.

In Icinga 2 notification commands are not directly associated with users. Instead the notification command is specified using Notification objects.

The StatusDataWriter, IdoMySqlConnection and LivestatusListener types will provide the contact and contactgroups attributes for services for compatibility reasons. These values are calculated from all services, their notifications, and their users.

Macros

Various object attributes and runtime variables can be accessed as macros in commands in Icinga 1.x - Icinga 2 supports all required custom attributes.

Command Arguments

If you have previously used Icinga 1.x you may already be familiar with user and argument definitions (e.g., USER1 or ARG1). Unlike in Icinga 1.x the Icinga 2 custom attributes may have arbitrary names and arguments are no longer specified in the check_command setting.

In Icinga 1.x arguments are specified in the check_command attribute and are separated from the command name using an exclamation mark (!).

define command {
    command_name  ping4
    command_line  $USER1$/check_ping -H $address$ -w $ARG1$ -c $ARG2$ -p 5
}

define service {
    use                     local-service
    host_name               localhost
    service_description     PING
    check_command           ping4!100.0,20%!500.0,60%
}

With the freely definable custom attributes in Icinga 2 it looks like this:

object CheckCommand "ping4" {
    command = PluginDir + "/check_ping -H $address$ -w $wrta$,$wpl%$ -c $crta$,$cpl%$"
}

object Service "PING" {
    check_command = "ping4"
    vars.wrta = 100
    vars.wpl = 20
    vars.crta = 500
    vars.cpl = 60
}

The Classic UI feature named Command Expander does not work with Icinga 2.

Environment Macros

The global configuration setting enable_environment_macros does not exist in Icinga 2.

Macros exported into the environment must be set using the env attribute in command objects.

Runtime Macros

Icinga 2 requires an object specific namespace when accessing configuration and stateful runtime macros. Custom attributes can be access directly.

Changes to user (contact) runtime macros

Icinga 1.x Icinga 2
USERNAME user.name
USERDISPLAYNAME user.display_name
USEREMAIL email if set as email custom attribute.
USERPAGER pager if set as pager custom attribute.

Changes to service runtime macros

Icinga 1.x Icinga 2
SERVICEDESC service.description
SERVICEDISPLAYNAME service.display_name
SERVICECHECKCOMMAND service.check_command
SERVICESTATE service.state
SERVICESTATEID service.state_id
SERVICESTATETYPE service.state_type
SERVICEATTEMPT service.check_attempt
MAXSERVICEATTEMPT service.max_check_attempts
LASTSERVICESTATE service.last_state
LASTSERVICESTATEID service.last_state_id
LASTSERVICESTATETYPE service.last_state_type
LASTSERVICESTATECHANGE service.last_state_change
SERVICEDURATIONSEC service.durations_ec
SERVICELATENCY service.latency
SERVICEEXECUTIONTIME service.execution_time
SERVICEOUTPUT service.output
SERVICEPERFDATA service.perfdata
LASTSERVICECHECK service.last_check
SERVICENOTES service.notes
SERVICENOTESURL service.notes_url
SERVICEACTIONURL service.action_url

Changes to host runtime macros

Icinga 1.x Icinga 2
HOSTNAME host.name
HOSTDISPLAYNAME host.display_name
HOSTCHECKCOMMAND host.check_command
HOSTALIAS (use host.display_name instead)
HOSTSTATE host.state
HOSTSTATEID host.state_id
HOSTSTATETYPE host.state_type
HOSTATTEMPT host.check_attempt
MAXHOSTATTEMPT host.max_check_attempts
LASTHOSTSTATE host.last_state
LASTHOSTSTATEID host.last_state_id
LASTHOSTSTATETYPE host.last_state_type
LASTHOSTSTATECHANGE host.last_state_change
HOSTDURATIONSEC host.duration_sec
HOSTLATENCY host.latency
HOSTEXECUTIONTIME host.execution_time
HOSTOUTPUT host.output
HOSTPERFDATA host.perfdata
LASTHOSTCHECK host.last_check
HOSTNOTES host.notes
HOSTNOTESURL host.notes_url
HOSTACTIONURL host.action_url
HOSTADDRESS host.address
HOSTADDRESS6 host.address6
TOTALSERVICES host.num_services
TOTALSERVICESOK host.num_services_ok
TOTALSERVICESWARNING host.num_services_warning
TOTALSERVICESUNKNOWN host.num_services_unknown
TOTALSERVICESCRITICAL host.num_services_critical

Changes to command runtime macros

Icinga 1.x Icinga 2
COMMANDNAME command.name

Changes to notification runtime macros

Icinga 1.x Icinga 2
NOTIFICATIONTYPE notification.type
NOTIFICATIONAUTHOR notification.author
NOTIFICATIONCOMMENT notification.comment
NOTIFICATIONAUTHORNAME (use notification.author)
NOTIFICATIONAUTHORALIAS (use notification.author)

Changes to global runtime macros:

Icinga 1.x Icinga 2
TIMET icinga.timet
LONGDATETIME icinga.long_date_time
SHORTDATETIME icinga.short_date_time
DATE icinga.date
TIME icinga.time
PROCESSSTARTTIME icinga.uptime

Changes to global statistic macros:

Icinga 1.x Icinga 2
TOTALHOSTSUP icinga.num_hosts_up
TOTALHOSTSDOWN icinga.num_hosts_down
TOTALHOSTSUNREACHABLE icinga.num_hosts_unreachable
TOTALHOSTSDOWNUNHANDLED --
TOTALHOSTSUNREACHABLEUNHANDLED --
TOTALHOSTPROBLEMS down
TOTALHOSTPROBLEMSUNHANDLED down-(downtime+acknowledged)
TOTALSERVICESOK icinga.num_services_ok
TOTALSERVICESWARNING icinga.num_services_warning
TOTALSERVICESCRITICAL icinga.num_services_critical
TOTALSERVICESUNKNOWN icinga.num_services_unknown
TOTALSERVICESWARNINGUNHANDLED --
TOTALSERVICESCRITICALUNHANDLED --
TOTALSERVICESUNKNOWNUNHANDLED --
TOTALSERVICEPROBLEMS ok+warning+critical+unknown
TOTALSERVICEPROBLEMSUNHANDLED warning+critical+unknown-(downtime+acknowledged)

External Commands

CHANGE_CUSTOM_CONTACT_VAR was renamed to CHANGE_CUSTOM_USER_VAR. CHANGE_CONTACT_MODATTR was renamed to CHANGE_USER_MODATTR.

The following external commands are not supported:

CHANGE_CONTACT_HOST_NOTIFICATION_TIMEPERIOD
CHANGE_HOST_NOTIFICATION_TIMEPERIOD
CHANGE_SVC_NOTIFICATION_TIMEPERIOD
DEL_DOWNTIME_BY_HOSTGROUP_NAME
DEL_DOWNTIME_BY_START_TIME_COMMENT
DISABLE_ALL_NOTIFICATIONS_BEYOND_HOST
DISABLE_CONTACT_HOST_NOTIFICATIONS
DISABLE_CONTACT_SVC_NOTIFICATIONS
DISABLE_CONTACTGROUP_HOST_NOTIFICATIONS
DISABLE_CONTACTGROUP_SVC_NOTIFICATIONS
DISABLE_FAILURE_PREDICTION
DISABLE_HOST_AND_CHILD_NOTIFICATIONS
DISABLE_HOST_FRESHNESS_CHECKS
DISABLE_HOST_SVC_NOTIFICATIONS
DISABLE_NOTIFICATIONS_EXPIRE_TIME
DISABLE_SERVICE_FRESHNESS_CHECKS
ENABLE_ALL_NOTIFICATIONS_BEYOND_HOST
ENABLE_CONTACT_HOST_NOTIFICATIONS
ENABLE_CONTACT_SVC_NOTIFICATIONS
ENABLE_CONTACTGROUP_HOST_NOTIFICATIONS
ENABLE_CONTACTGROUP_SVC_NOTIFICATIONS
ENABLE_FAILURE_PREDICTION
ENABLE_HOST_AND_CHILD_NOTIFICATIONS
ENABLE_HOST_FRESHNESS_CHECKS
ENABLE_HOST_SVC_NOTIFICATIONS
ENABLE_SERVICE_FRESHNESS_CHECKS
READ_STATE_INFORMATION
SAVE_STATE_INFORMATION
SCHEDULE_AND_PROPAGATE_HOST_DOWNTIME
SCHEDULE_AND_PROPAGATE_TRIGGERED_HOST_DOWNTIME
SET_HOST_NOTIFICATION_NUMBER
SET_SVC_NOTIFICATION_NUMBER
START_ACCEPTING_PASSIVE_HOST_CHECKS
START_ACCEPTING_PASSIVE_SVC_CHECKS
START_OBSESSING_OVER_HOST
START_OBSESSING_OVER_HOST_CHECKS
START_OBSESSING_OVER_SVC
START_OBSESSING_OVER_SVC_CHECKS
STOP_ACCEPTING_PASSIVE_HOST_CHECKS
STOP_ACCEPTING_PASSIVE_SVC_CHECKS
STOP_OBSESSING_OVER_HOST
STOP_OBSESSING_OVER_HOST_CHECKS
STOP_OBSESSING_OVER_SVC
STOP_OBSESSING_OVER_SVC_CHECKS

Checks

Check Output

Icinga 2 does not make a difference between output (first line) and long_output (remaining lines) like in Icinga 1.x. Performance Data is provided separately.

The StatusDataWriter, IdoMysqlConnection and LivestatusListener types split the raw output into output (first line) and long_output (remaining lines) for compatibility reasons.

Initial State

Icinga 1.x uses the max_service_check_spread setting to specify a timerange where the initial state checks must have happened. Icinga 2 will use the retry_interval setting instead and check_interval divided by 5 if retry_interval is not defined.

Comments

Icinga 2 doesn't support non-persistent comments.

Commands

Unlike in Icinga 1.x there are 3 different command types in Icinga 2: CheckCommand, NotificationCommand and EventCommand.

For example in Icinga 1.x it is possible to accidently use a notification command as an event handler which might cause problems depending on which runtime macros are used in the notification command.

In Icinga 2 these command types are separated and will generate an error on configuration validation if used in the wrong context.

While Icinga 2 still supports the complete command line in command objects, it's also possible to encapsulate all arguments into double quotes and passing them as array to the command_line attribute i.e. for better readability.

It's also possible to define default custom attributes for the command itself which can be overridden by a service macro.

Groups

In Icinga 2 hosts, services and users are added to groups using the groups attribute in the object. The old way of listing all group members in the group's members attribute is available through assign where and ignore where conditions.

object Host "web-dev" {
  import "generic-host"
}

object HostGroup "dev-hosts" {
  display_name = "Dev Hosts"
  assign where match("*-dev", host.name)
}

Add Service to Hostgroup where Host is Member

In order to associate a service with all hosts in a host group the apply keyword can be used:

apply Service "ping4" {
  import "generic-service"

  check_command = "ping4"

  assign where "dev-hosts" in host.groups
}

Notifications

Notifications are a new object type in Icinga 2. Imagine the following notification configuration problem in Icinga 1.x:

  • Service A should notify contact X via SMS
  • Service B should notify contact X via Mail
  • Service C should notify contact Y via Mail and SMS
  • Contact X and Y should also be used for authorization (e.g. in Classic UI)

The only way achieving a semi-clean solution is to

  • Create contact X-sms, set service_notification_command for sms, assign contact to service A
  • Create contact X-mail, set service_notification_command for mail, assign contact to service B
  • Create contact Y, set service_notification_command for sms and mail, assign contact to service C
  • Create contact X without notification commands, assign to service A and B

Basically you are required to create duplicated contacts for either each notification method or used for authorization only.

Icinga 2 attempts to solve that problem in this way

  • Create user X, set SMS and Mail attributes, used for authorization
  • Create user Y, set SMS and Mail attributes, used for authorization
  • Create notification A-SMS, set command for sms, add user X, assign notification A-SMS to service A
  • Create notification B-Mail, set command for mail, add user X, assign notification Mail to service B
  • Create notification C-SMS, set command for sms, add user Y, assign notification C-SMS to service C
  • Create notification C-Mail, set command for mail, add user Y, assign notification C-Mail to service C

Previously in Icinga 1.x it looked like this:

service -> (contact, contactgroup) -> notification command

In Icinga 2 it will look like this:

Service -> Notification -> NotificationCommand
                        -> User, UserGroup

Escalations

Escalations in Icinga 1.x require a separated object matching on existing objects. Escalations happen between a defined start and end time which is calculated from the notification_interval:

start = notification start + (notification_interval * first_notification)
end = notification start + (notification_interval * last_notification)

In theory first_notification and last_notification can be set to readable numbers. In practice users are manipulating those attributes in combination with notification_interval in order to get a start and end time.

In Icinga 2 the notification object can be used as notification escalation if the start and end times are defined within the 'times' attribute using duration literals (e.g. 30m).

The Icinga 2 escalation does not replace the current running notification. In Icinga 1.x it's required to copy the contacts from the service notification to the escalation to garantuee the normal notifications once an escalation happens. That's not necessary with Icinga 2 only requiring an additional notification object for the escalation itself.

Notification Options

Unlike Icinga 1.x with the 'notification_options' attribute with comma-separated state and type filters, Icinga 2 uses two configuration attributes for that. All state and type filter use long names or'd with a pipe together

notification_options w,u,c,r,f,s

states = [ Warning, Unknown, Critical ]
filters = [ Problem, Recovery, FlappingStart, FlappingEnd, DowntimeStart, DowntimeEnd, DowntimeRemoved ]

Icinga 2 adds more fine-grained type filters for acknowledgements, downtime and flapping type (start, end, ...).

Dependencies and Parents

In Icinga 1.x it's possible to define host parents to determine network reachability and keep a host's state unreachable rather than down. Furthermore there are host and service dependencies preventing unnecessary checks and notifications. A host must not depend on a service, and vice versa. All dependencies are configured as separate objects and cannot be set directly on the host or service object.

A service can now depend on a host, and vice versa. A service has an implicit dependeny (parent) to its host. A host to host dependency acts implicit as host parent relation.

The former host_name and dependent_host_name have been renamed to parent_host_name and child_host_name (same for the service attribute). When using apply rules the child attributes may be omitted.

For detailed examples on how to use the dependencies please check the dependencies chapter.

Dependencies can be applied to hosts or services using the apply rules.

The StatusDataWriter, IdoMysqlConnection and LivestatusListener types support the Icinga 1.x schema with dependencies and parent attributes for compatibility reasons.

Flapping

The Icinga 1.x flapping detection uses the last 21 states of a service. This value is hardcoded and cannot be changed. The algorithm on determining a flapping state is as follows:

flapping value = (number of actual state changes / number of possible state changes)

The flapping value is then compared to the low and high flapping thresholds.

The algorithm used in Icinga 2 does not store the past states but calculcates the flapping threshold from a single value based on counters and half-life values. Icinga 2 compares the value with a single flapping threshold configuration attribute.

Check Result Freshness

Freshness of check results must be explicitely enabled in Icinga 1.x. The attribute freshness_treshold defines the threshold in seconds. Once the threshold is triggered, an active freshness check is executed defined by the check_command attribute. Both check methods (active and passive) use the same freshness check method.

In Icinga 2 active check freshness is determined by the check_interval attribute and no incoming check results in that period of time (last check + check interval). Passive check freshness is calculated from the check_interval attribute if set. There is no extra freshness_threshold attribute in Icinga 2. If the freshness checks are invalid, a new service check is forced.

State Retention

Icinga 1.x uses the retention.dat file to save its state in order to be able to reload it after a restart. In Icinga 2 this file is called icinga2.state.

The format objects are stored in is not compatible with Icinga 1.x.

Logging

Icinga 1.x supports syslog facilities and writes its own icinga.log log file and archives. These logs are used in Icinga 1.x Classic UI to generate historical reports.

Icinga 2 compat library provides the CompatLogger object which writes the icinga.log and archive in Icinga 1.x format in order to stay compatible with Classic UI and other addons.

The native Icinga 2 logging facilities are split into three configuration objects: SyslogLogger, FileLogger, StreamLogger. Each of them got their own severity and target configuration.

The Icinga 2 daemon log does not log any alerts but is considered an application log only.

Broker Modules and Features

Icinga 1.x broker modules are incompatible with Icinga 2.

In order to provide compatibility with Icinga 1.x the functionality of several popular broker modules was implemented for Icinga 2:

  • IDOUtils
  • Livestatus
  • Cluster (allows for high availability and load balancing)

Distributed Monitoring

Icinga 1.x uses the native "obsess over host/service" method which requires the NSCA addon passing the slave's checkresults passively onto the master's external command pipe. While this method may be used for check load distribution, it does not provide any configuration distribution out-of-the-box. Furthermore comments, downtimes and other stateful runtime data is not synced between the master and slave nodes. There are addons available solving the check and configuration distribution problems Icinga 1.x distributed monitoring currently suffers from.

Icinga 2 implements a new built-in distributed monitoring architecture, including config and check distribution, IPv4/IPv6 support, SSL certificates and zone support for DMZ. High Availability and load balancing are also part of the Icinga 2 Cluster setup.