269 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
269 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Security <a id="security"></a>
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Access control is a vital part of configuring Icinga Web 2 in a secure way.
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It is important that not every user that has access to Icinga Web 2 is able
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to do any action or to see any host and service. For example, it is useful to allow
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only a small group of administrators to change the Icinga Web 2 configuration,
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to prevent misconfiguration or security breaches. Another important use case is
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creating groups of users which can only see the fraction of the monitoring
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environment they are in charge of.
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This chapter will describe how to do the security configuration of Icinga Web 2
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and how to apply permissions and restrictions to users or groups of users.
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## Basics <a id="security-basics"></a>
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Icinga Web 2 access control is done by defining **roles** that associate permissions
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and restrictions with **users** and **groups**. There are two general kinds of
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things to which access can be managed: actions and objects.
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### <a id="security-basics-actions"></a>Actions
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Actions are all the things an Icinga Web 2 user can do, like changing a certain configuration,
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changing permissions or sending a command to an Icinga 2 instance.
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All actions must be be **allowed explicitly** using permissions.
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A permission is a simple list of identifiers of actions a user is
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allowed to do. Permissions are described in greater detail in the
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section [Permissions](06-Security.md#permissions).
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### Objects <a id="security-basics-objects"></a>
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There are all kinds of different objects in Icinga Web 2: Hosts, Services, Notifications, Downtimes and Events.
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By default, a user can **see everything**, but it is possible to **explicitly restrict** what each user can see using restrictions.
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Restrictions are complex filter queries that describe what objects should be displayed to a user. Restrictions are described
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in greater detail in the section [Restrictions](06-Security.md#restrictions).
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### <a id="security-basics-users"></a>Users
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Anyone who can **login** to Icinga Web 2 is considered a user and can be referenced to by the
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**user name** used during login.
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For example, there might be user called **jdoe** authenticated
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using Active Directory, and a user **icingaadmin** that is authenticated using a MySQL-Database as backend.
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In the configuration, both can be referenced to by using their user names **icingaadmin** or **jdoe**.
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Icinga Web 2 users and groups are not configured by a configuration file, but provided by
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an **authentication backend**. For extended information on setting up authentication backends and managing users, please read the chapter [Authentication](05-Authentication.md#authentication).
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> **Note**
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>
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> Since Icinga Web 2, users in the Icinga configuration and the web authentication are separated, to allow
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> use of external authentication providers. This means that users and groups defined in the Icinga configuration are not available to Icinga Web 2. Instead it uses its own authentication
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> backend to fetch users and groups from, which must be configured separately.
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#### <a id="security-basics-users-managing"></a>Managing Users
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When using a [Database
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as authentication backend](05-Authentication.md#authentication-configuration-db-authentication), it is possible to create, add and delete users directly in the frontend. This configuration
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can be found at **Configuration > Authentication > Users **.
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### <a id="security-basics-groups"></a>Groups
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If there is a big amount of users to manage, it would be tedious to specify each user
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separately when regularly referring to the same group of users. Because of that, it is possible to group users.
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A user can be member of multiple groups and will inherit all permissions and restrictions.
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Like users, groups are identified solely by their **name** that is provided by
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a **group backend**. For extended information on setting up group backends,
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please read the chapter [Authentication](05-Authentication.md#authentication).
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#### <a id="security-basics-groups-managing"></a>Managing Groups
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When using a [Database as an authentication backend](05-Authentication.md#authentication-configuration-db-authentication),
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it is possible to manage groups and group memberships directly in the frontend. This configuration
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can be found at **Configuration > Authentication > User Groups **.
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## <a id="security-roles"></a>Roles
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A role defines a set of **permissions** and **restrictions** and assigns
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those to **users** and **groups**. For example, a role **admins** could define that certain
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users have access to all configuration options, or another role **support**
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could define that a list of users or groups is restricted to see only hosts and services
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that match a specific query.
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The actual permission of a certain user will be determined by merging the permissions
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and restrictions of the user itself and all the groups the user is member of. Permissions can
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be simply added up, while restrictions follow a slighty more complex pattern, that is described
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in the section [Stacking Filters](06-Security.md#stacking-filters).
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### <a id="security-roles-configuration"></a>Configuration
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Roles can be changed either through the icingaweb2 interface, by navigation
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to the page **Configuration > Authentication > Roles**, or through editing the
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configuration file:
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```
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vim /etc/icingaweb2/roles.ini
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```
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#### <a id="security-roles-configuration-example"></a>Introducing Example
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To get you a quick start, here is an example of what a role definition could look like:
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```
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[winadmin]
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users = "jdoe, janedoe"
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groups = "admin"
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permissions = "config/*, monitoring/commands/schedule-check"
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monitoring/filter/objects = "host_name=*win*"
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```
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This example creates a role called **winadmin**, that grants all permissions in `config/*` and `monitoring/commands/schedule-check` and additionally only
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allows the hosts and services that match the filter `host_name=*win*` to be displayed. The users
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**jdoe** and **janedoe** and all members of the group **admin** will be affected
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by this role.
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#### Syntax <a id="syntax"></a>
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Each role is defined as a section, with the name of the role as section name. The following
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attributes can be defined for each role in a default Icinga Web 2 installation:
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Name | Description
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--------------------------|-----------------------------------------------
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users | Comma-separated list of user **user names** that are affected by this role.
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groups | Comma-separated list of **group names** that are affected by this role.
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permissions | Comma-separated list of **permissions** granted by this role.
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monitoring/filter/objects | **Filter expression** that restricts the access to services and hosts.
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## Permissions <a id="permissions"></a>
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Permissions can be used to allow users or groups certain **actions**. By default,
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all actions are **prohibited** and must be allowed explicitly by a role for any user.
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Each action in Icinga Web 2 is denoted by a **namespaced key**, which is used to order and
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group those actions. All actions that affect the configuration of Icinga Web 2, are in a
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namespace called **config**, while all configurations that affect modules
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are in the namespace `config/modules`
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**Wildcards** can be used to grant permission for all actions in a certain namespace.
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The permission `config/*` would grant permission to all configuration actions,
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while just specifying a wildcard `*` would give permission for all actions.
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Access to modules is restricted to users who have the related module permission granted. Icinga Web 2 provides
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a module permission in the format `module/<moduleName>` for each installed module.
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When multiple roles assign permissions to the same user (either directly or indirectly
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through a group) all permissions are added together to get the users actual permission set.
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### Global Permissions <a id="permissions-global"></a>
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Name | Permits
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--------------------------|-----------------------------------------------
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\* | allow everything, including module-specific permissions
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config/\* | allow all configuration actions
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config/modules | allow enabling or disabling modules
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module/<moduleName> | allow access to module <moduleName>
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### Monitoring Module Permissions <a id="permissions-module"></a>
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The built-in monitoring module defines an additional set of permissions, that
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is described in detail in the monitoring module documentation.
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## Restrictions <a id="restrictions"></a>
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Restrictions can be used to define what a user or group can see by specifying
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a filter expression that applies to a defined set of data. By default, when no
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restrictions are defined, a user will be able to see every information that is available.
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A restrictions is always specified for a certain **filter directive**, that defines what
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data the filter is applied to. The **filter directive** is a simple identifier, that was
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defined in an Icinga Web 2 module. The only filter directive that is available
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in a default installation, is the `monitoring/filter/objects` directive, defined by the monitoring module,
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that can be used to apply filter to hosts and services. This directive was previously
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mentioned in the section [Syntax](06-Security.md#syntax).
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### <a id="restrictions-filter"></a>Filter Expressions
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Filters operate on columns. A complete list of all available filter columns on hosts and services can be found in
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the monitoring module documentation.
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Any filter expression that is allowed in the filtered view, is also an allowed filter expression.
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This means, that it is possible to define negations, wildcards, and even nested
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filter expressions containing AND and OR-Clauses.
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The filter expression will be **implicitly** added as an **AND-Clause** to each query on
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the filtered data. The following shows the filter expression `host_name=*win*` being applied on `monitoring/filter/objects`.
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Regular filter query:
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AND-- service_problem = 1
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+--- service_handled = 0
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With our restriction applied, any user affected by this restrictions will see the
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results of this query instead:
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AND-- host_name = *win*
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+--AND-- service_problem = 1
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+--- service_handled = 0
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#### Stacking Filters <a id="stacking-filters"></a>
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When multiple roles assign restrictions to the same user, either directly or indirectly
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through a group, all filters will be combined using an **OR-Clause**, resulting in the final
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expression:
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AND-- OR-- $FILTER1
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+--AND-- service_problem = 1
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+--- service_handled = 0
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As a result, a user is be able to see hosts that are matched by **ANY** of
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the filter expressions. The following examples will show the usefulness of this behavior:
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#### <a id="restrictions-filter-example1"></a>Example 1: Negation
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```
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[winadmin]
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groups = "windows-admins"
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monitoring/filter/objects = "host_name=*win*"
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```
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Will display only hosts and services whose host name contains **win**.
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```
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[webadmin]
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groups = "web-admins"
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monitoring/filter/objects = "host_name!=*win*"
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```
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Will only match hosts and services whose host name does **not** contain **win**
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Notice that because of the behavior of two stacking filters, a user that is member of **windows-admins** and **web-admins**, will now be able to see both, Windows and non-Windows hosts and services.
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#### <a id="restrictions-filter-example2"></a>Example 2: Hostgroups
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```
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[unix-server]
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groups = "unix-admins"
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monitoring/filter/objects = "(hostgroup_name=bsd-servers|hostgroup_name=linux-servers)"
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```
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This role allows all members of the group unix-admins to see hosts and services
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that are part of the host-group linux-servers or the host-group bsd-servers.
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